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Penetration testing is the most useful method for identifying security control gaps on an application server because it simulates real-world attacks and exploits the vulnerabilities and weaknesses of the application server. Penetration testing can reveal the actual impact and risk of the security control gaps, and provide recommendations for remediation and improvement.

References: The CISM Review Manual 2023 defines penetration testing as “a method of evaluating the security of an information system or network by simulating an attack from a malicious source” and states that “penetration testing can help identify security control gaps and provide evidence of the potential impact and risk of the gaps” (p. 185). The CISM Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Manual 2023 also provides the following rationale for this answer: “Penetration testing is the correct answer because it is the most useful method for identifying security control gaps on an application server, as it simulates real-world attacks and exploits the vulnerabilities and weaknesses of the application server, and provides recommendations for remediation and improvement” (p. 95). Additionally, the web search result 4 states that “penetration testing is a valuable tool for discovering security gaps in your application server and network infrastructure” and that “penetration testing can help you assess the effectiveness and efficiency of your security controls, and identify the areas that need improvement or enhancement” (p. 1).

= According to the CISM Review Manual, one of the key success factors for an information security program is to maintain management support and commitment. This can be achieved by providing regular reports to management on the security status of the organization, the effectiveness of the security controls, and the alignment of the security program with the business objectives and strategy. By informing management about the security of business operations, the information security manager can demonstrate the value and benefits of the security program, and ensure that management is aware of the security risks and issues that need to be addressed. This technique can also help to build trust and confidence between the information security manager and the senior management, and foster a culture of security within the organization1

The other options are not as effective as informing management about the security of business operations. Implementing a comprehensive security awareness and training program is important, but it is mainly targeted at the end users and staff, not the senior management. Identifying the risks and consequences of failure to comply with standards can help to justify the need for security controls, but it can also create a negative impression of the security program as being too restrictive or punitive. Benchmarking the security programs of comparable organizations can provide some insights and best practices, but it may not reflect the specific needs and context of the organization, and it may not be relevant or applicable to the management’s expectations and priorities1

References = 1: CISM Review Manual, 16th Edition, ISACA, 2020, pp. 28-29…

The best way to obtain senior management support for an information security governance program is to demonstrate the program’s value to the organization, such as how it can help achieve business objectives, reduce operational risks, enhance resilience, and comply with regulations. Demonstrating the value of information security governance can help senior management understand the benefits and costs of the program, and motivate them to participate in the decision-making process. The other options, such as discussing governance programs in similar organizations, providing external audit results, or providing examples of incidents, may not be sufficient or persuasive enough to obtain senior management support, as they may not reflect the specific needs and goals of the organization. References:

According to the CISM Review Manual, 15th Edition1, information asset classification is the process of assigning a level of sensitivity to information assets based on their importance to the organization and the potential impact of unauthorized disclosure, modification or destruction. The criticality of an information asset to a business process is one of the key factors that determines its classification level.

References = 1: CISM Review Manual, 15th Edition, ISACA, 2016, Chapter 2, page 61.