CISA Isaca Exam Lab Questions

 Application containers are a form of operating system virtualization that share the same kernel as the host operating system. This means that any vulnerability or compromise in the kernel can affect all the containers running on the same host, as well as the host itself. Additionally, containers may have privileged access to the kernel resources and functions, which can pose a risk of unauthorized or malicious actions by the container processes. Therefore, securing the kernel is a critical aspect of application container security.

Shared registries (option A) are not an inherent risk in the application container infrastructure, but they are a potential risk that depends on how they are configured and managed. Shared registries are repositories that store and distribute container images. They can be public or private, and they can have different levels of security and access controls. Shared registries can pose a risk of exposing sensitive data, distributing malicious or vulnerable images, or allowing unauthorized access to images. However, these risks can be mitigated by using secure connections, authentication and authorization mechanisms, image signing and scanning, and encryption.

Host operating system (option B) is not an inherent risk in the application container infrastructure, but it is a potential risk that depends on how it is configured and maintained. Host operating system is the underlying platform that runs the application containers and provides them with the necessary resources and services. Host operating system can pose a risk of exposing vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, or malware that can affect the containers or the host itself. However, these risks can be mitigated by using minimal and hardened operating systems, applying patches and updates, enforcing security policies and controls, and isolating and monitoring the host.

Shared data (option C) is not an inherent risk in the application container infrastructure, but it is a potential risk that depends on how it is stored and accessed. Shared data is the information that is used or generated by the application containers and that may be shared among them or with external entities. Shared data can pose a risk of leaking confidential or sensitive data, corrupting or losing data integrity, or violating data privacy or compliance requirements. However, these risks can be mitigated by using secure storage solutions, encryption and decryption mechanisms, access control and auditing policies, and backup and recovery procedures.

Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

References:

Application Container Security Guide | NIST

CSA for a Secure Application Container Architecture

Application Container Security: Risks and Countermeasures

A backlog consumption report is a report that shows the amount of work that has been completed and the amount of work that remains to be done in a project. It is a useful tool for measuring the progress and performance of a web-based customer service application development project, as it can indicate whether the project is on track, ahead or behind schedule, and how much effort is required to finish the project. A backlog consumption report can also help identify any issues or risks that may affect the project delivery. Critical path analysis reports, developer status reports and change management logs are also helpful for evaluating a project, but they are not as helpful as a backlog consumption report, as they do not provide a clear picture of the overall project status and completion rate. References:

: [Backlog Consumption Report Definition]

: Backlog Consumption Report | ISACA

Encryption is the process of transforming information into an unreadable form using a secret key, so that only authorized parties can access it. Encryption would protect the confidentiality of information sent in email messages, as it would prevent unauthorized parties from intercepting and reading the messages. Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1) is a cryptographic hash function that produces a fixed-length output from an input. SHA-1 does not encrypt information, but rather verifies its integrity by detecting any changes or modifications. Digital signatures are electronic signatures that use encryption and hash functions to authenticate the identity of the sender and the integrity of the message. Digital signatures do not protect the confidentiality of information, but rather ensure its authenticity and non-repudiation. Digital certificates are electronic documents that contain the public key and identity information of an entity, such as a person, organization or device. Digital certificates are issued by trusted third parties called certificate authorities (CAs). Digital certificates do not protect the confidentiality of information, but rather enable secure communication and encryption by verifying the identity and public key of an entity. References:

: [Encryption Definition]

: [Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1) Definition]

: [Digital Signature Definition]

: [Digital Certificate Definition]

 A checksum is classified as a detective control. A checksum is a mathematical value that is calculated from a data set and used to verify the integrity of the data. A checksum can detect if the data has been altered or corrupted during transmission or storage. A checksum does not prevent or correct the data corruption, but it alerts the user or system of the problem. Therefore, it is a detective control. A preventive control is a control that prevents an error or incident from occurring. A corrective control is a control that restores normal operations after an error or incident has occurred. An administrative control is a control that involves policies, procedures, standards, guidelines, or organizational structures. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version)1, page 439.