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Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (250–350 words)

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The EC-Council CCISO program emphasizes that the ultimate goal of a business-aligned security program is to enable employees to make informed, risk-aware decisions.

Policies, training, and communication are enablers, but risk-informed behavior is the outcome that demonstrates true alignment and maturity.

Therefore, Option B is correct.

 Why Penetration Testing is Effective:

Identifies weaknesses in perimeter defenses by simulating real-world attack scenarios.

Provides actionable insights for strengthening perimeter security.

 Why This is Correct:

A qualified third party ensures unbiased testing and comprehensive evaluation.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Vulnerability Scan: Identifies known vulnerabilities but lacks the depth of penetration testing.

C. Internal Firewall Reviews: Limited to rule analysis, not testing overall effectiveness.

D. Network Intrusion Prevention Systems: Mitigates threats but does not measure control effectiveness.

 References:

EC-Council emphasizes external penetration testing as a critical tool for assessing perimeter network security controls.

Relevance to the Breach:

The analysis highlighted insider threats, lack of least privilege, and weak access controls as root causes.

Monitoring and minimizing the number of users with elevated privileges directly addresses these vulnerabilities.

Why Not Other Options:

A: Monitoring third-party access is important but not directly tied to insider threats.

B: Vulnerability management is relevant but unrelated to least privilege or access control.

D: Certificate issues pertain to encryption, not insider threats or access controls.

Comprehensive and Detailed 250–300 Words Explanation From Exact Extract from Chief Information Security Officer (CCISO) Documents:

The EC-Council CCISO Body of Knowledge classifies security controls into categories such as preventive, detective, corrective, and compensating. Patching systems with the latest updates is explicitly identified as a corrective control.

Corrective controls are implemented after a vulnerability or weakness has been identified, with the goal of remediating or correcting the issue to prevent further exploitation. CCISO materials explain that software vulnerabilities are often discovered after deployment, and patching is the primary mechanism used to correct these known weaknesses.

Detection controls, such as intrusion detection systems, only identify issues but do not fix them. Dynamic blocking is not a formal CCISO control category, and “zero day” refers to a type of vulnerability, not a control.

CCISO guidance further explains that effective patch management reduces attack surface, supports regulatory compliance, and demonstrates due diligence. While patching may also contribute to prevention, its primary classification remains corrective because it addresses existing vulnerabilities rather than stopping unknown threats in advance.

Thus, in alignment with CCISO control taxonomy, patching systems is a corrective control, making option D the correct answer.