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Processed or meaningful data can be defined as information, which is data that has been organized, processed, or structured in a meaningful way according to the given requirement. Information is processed data which includes data that possess context, relevance, and purpose. Information is also the output of data processing, which is the collection and transformation of raw data into useful information. Information can be used for decision-making, analysis, or communication purposes. References: 

Lower level management, also known as supervisory or operational management, is the lowest tier of the managerial hierarchy. It consists of managers who oversee the work of employees and report to middle level managers. Lower level managers can make use of the managerial hierarchy to obtain approvals or additional guidance from their superiors when they face problems or challenges that are beyond their authority or expertise. The managerial hierarchy also helps lower level managers to communicate and coordinate with other managers and departments within the organization. References: 3, CITM Study Guide, Chapter 2: Organizational Structure and Design, Section 2.1: Types of Organizational Structures, Page 18.

Information processing is the exchange of information among people, processes and systems within an organization1. It is crucial for achieving business goals, making informed decisions and working efficiently2. To effectively deliver the information needed to decision makers, Management Information Systems (MIS) need to have the necessary components to collect, process, store and retrieve the information whenever it is needed3. The success of information processing depends on the alignment of MIS with the organizational strategy, structure and culture3. Therefore, the two management departments that are responsible for the success of information processing are top management and middle management. Top management is responsible for setting the vision, mission, goals and objectives of the organization, as well as defining the policies and procedures that guide the information flows3. Middle management is responsible for implementing the plans and strategies of top management, as well as coordinating and supervising the activities of lower-level managers and employees3. Both top and middle management need to ensure that the information systems are aligned with the business needs, and that the information flows are effective, efficient and secure3. References: 1: Practices for managing information flows within organizations12: Management Information Systems (MIS): Definition and How It Works23: Information management3

Data are often proprietary or confidential because they contain valuable information that can give a competitive advantage to the owner or affect the privacy of the individuals or entities involved. Data can be classified into different levels of sensitivity and protection, depending on the potential impact of unauthorized disclosure, modification, or loss. For example, data that contain personal, financial, or health information of customers or employees are usually considered highly confidential and require strict security measures. Data that contain trade secrets, intellectual property, or strategic plans are also typically proprietary and confidential, as they can affect the market position or reputation of the owner. Data that are public or non-sensitive, such as general information about products or services, may not require the same level of protection, but still need to be managed and maintained properly. References: CITM Course Outline, Module 6 - Data Management, Section 6.1 - Data Classification and Protection; Sample Exam, Question 72.