ICS-SCADA Exam Dumps : ICS/SCADA Cyber Security Exam

The first generation of ICS/SCADA systems is considered monolithic, primarily characterized by standalone systems that had no external communications or connectivity with other systems. These systems were typically fully self-contained, with all components hard-wired together, and operations were managed without any networked interaction.References:

U.S. Department of Homeland Security, "Recommended Practice: Improving Industrial Control System Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies".

IPsec uses two main protocols to secure network communications: Authentication Header (AH) and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP).

Both AH and ESP use a Security Parameters Index (SPI), which is a critical component of their headers. The SPI is a unique identifier that enables the receiver to select the correct security association for processing incoming packets.

AH provides authentication and integrity, while ESP provides confidentiality, in addition to authentication and integrity. Both protocols use the SPI to manage these functions securely.

References

"IPsec Security Architecture," RFC 4302 (AH) and RFC 4303 (ESP).

"IPsec Explained," by Juniper Networks.

Within IPsec, the SPI (Security Parameter Index) is a critical component that uniquely identifies a Security Association (SA) for the IPsec session. The SPI is used in the IPsec headers to help the receiving party determine which SA has been agreed upon for processing the incoming packets. This identification is crucial for the proper operation and management of security policies applied to the encrypted data flows.References:

RFC 4301, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol," which discusses the structure and use of the SPI in IPsec communications.