The label on the top of the MPLS label stack is swapped at an intermediate node. This is because the top label is the one that is visible to the node and determines the forwarding decision. The node looks up the top label in its label forwarding table and swaps it with a new label that corresponds to the next hop or destination. The node then forwards the packet to the next node, which repeats the same process. The bottom label is only used to indicate the end of the label stack and is not swapped. References : [Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia], [MPLS Label Stack - Nokia]
Question 2
What is the GMRE notify address?
Options:
A.
The OSPF-TE broadcast IP used to flood the link adjacency information
B.
The LMP Control Channel ID. This field contains the IPv4 address of the ingress LER as a global unique identifier
C.
The email exchange server to notify the operators of network failures
D.
An IP address used to signal failures on downstream nodes upstream to the head node
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Explanation:
The GMRE notify address is an IP address used to signal failures on downstream nodes upstream to the head node. The GMRE notify address is configured on each GMRE node and is used to send a Notify message to the head node when a failure occurs on a link or node alongthe LSP. The Notify message contains the failure information and the LSP ID. The head node can then initiate a restoration process based on the Notify message. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
Question 3
Which of the following best describes the Soft Shutting Down state in the NFM-T?
Options:
A.
An automatic shutdown of a TE-link and all of the LSPs in the TE-link
B.
A soft synchronization state where new traffic is not allowed
C.
An administrative maintenance state where services stay up but no new traffic can be routed over the TE-link
D.
A transient state where current SNCs are soft-rerouted away from the TE-link
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Explanation:
The Soft Shutting Down state in the NFM-T is an administrative maintenance state where services stay up but no new traffic can be routed over the TE-link. This state is used to prepare a TE-link for maintenance or decommissioning without affecting the existing services. The NFM-T sets the TE-link to Soft Shutting Down state by sending a Notify message with the Administrative State Change flag to the head-end node of the TE-link. The head-end node then stops accepting new LSP requests over the TE-link and sends a PathErr message with the Administrative State Change flag to all the tail-end nodes of the LSPs in the TE-link. The tail-end nodes then stop sending new traffic over the LSPs and send a ResvErr message with the Administrative State Change flag to all the intermediate nodes of the LSPs. The intermediate nodes then update their routing tables and stop forwarding new traffic over the LSPs. The existing traffic, however, continues to flow over the LSPs until they are manually deleted or rerouted by the NFM-T. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia