CWNP CWAP-404 Exam With Confidence Using Practice Dumps

A hexadecimal value is a value that uses base 16 notation, which means it can have digits from 0 to 9 and letters from A to F. A hexadecimal value is usually preceded by 0x to indicate that it is hexadecimal and not decimal or binary. For example, 0x0A is hexadecimal for 10 in decimal or 00001010 in binary. The other options are not valid prefixes for hexadecimal values.References:

• CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Protocol Analysis, page 35
• CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 2.2: Analyze field values

 The GTK (Group Temporal Key) is encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake. The 4-Way Handshake is a process that establishes a secure connection between a STA (station) and an AP (access point) using WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2), which is a security protocol that uses AES-CCMP (Advanced Encryption Standard-Counter Mode CBC-MAC Protocol) as its encryption algorithm. The 4-Way Handshake consists of four messages that are exchanged between the STA and the AP. The first message is sent by the AP to the STA, containing the ANonce (Authenticator Nonce), which is a random number generated by the AP. The second message is sent by the STA to the AP, containing the SNonce (Supplicant Nonce), which is a random number generated by the STA, and the MIC (Message Integrity Code), which is a value that verifies the integrity of the message. The third message is sent by the AP to the STA, containing the GTK, which is a key that is used to encrypt and decrypt multicast and broadcast data frames, and the MIC. The GTK is encrypted with the KEK (Key Encryption Key), which is derived from the PTK (Pairwise Temporal Key). The PTK is a key that is used to encrypt and decrypt unicast data frames, and it is derived from the PMK (Pairwise Master Key), the ANonce, and the SNonce. The fourth message is sent by the STA to the AP, containing only the MIC, to confirm the completion of the 4-Way Handshake. The other options are not correct, asthey are not encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake. The PMK is a key that is derived from a passphrase or obtained from an authentication server, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. The PTK is a key that is derived from the PMK, the ANonce, and the SNonce, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. The GMK (Group Master Key) is a key that is generated by the AP and used to derive the GTK, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 8: Security Analysis, page 211-213

The HT protection mode in which an AP is operating can be identified by looking at the HT Operations element in a Beacon frame. The HT Operations element is a part of the Beacon frame that contains information about the High Throughput (HT) capabilities and operation of an 802.11n BSS. The HT Operations element has a field called HT Protection, which indicates how the BSS protects its HT transmissions from interference or collisions with non-HT devices or BSSs. The HT Protection field can have four values: No Protection, Nonmember Protection, 20 MHz Protection, or Non-HT Mixed Mode. The other options are not correct, as they do not contain information about the HT protection mode. The HT Protection element does not exist, the ERP Information element is used for Extended Rate PHY (ERP) protection mode for 802.11g devices, and the HT Capabilities element is used for indicating the supported HT features of an individual device. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 125-126