LPIC Level 1 102-500 Release Date

 The syslog facilities are predefined categories of messages that can be used to classify the source and type of the log events12. The syslog facilities are defined by the syslog protocol and are standardized across different implementations of syslog12. The syslog facilities are:

auth: Security and authorization messages, such as login failures or sudo usage12.

authpriv: Same as auth, but used for private security messages that should not be available to all users12.

cron: Messages from the cron daemon, such as scheduled jobs or errors12.

daemon: Messages from system daemons, such as sshd or ntpd12.

kern: Messages from the kernel, such as boot messages or hardware errors12.

lpr: Messages from the line printer subsystem, such as print jobs or errors12.

mail: Messages from the mail subsystem, such as sendmail or postfix12.

news: Messages from the network news subsystem, such as news servers or clients12.

syslog: Messages generated internally by the syslog daemon, such as configuration errors or restarts12.

user: Messages from user-level processes, such as applications or scripts12.

uucp: Messages from the Unix-to-Unix copy subsystem, such as file transfers or errors12.

local0 to local7: Custom facilities that are not used by any system processes and can be assigned to user applications or scripts123.

Therefore, the correct answers are A. local7 and B. mail, as they are both valid syslog facilities. The other options are not syslog facilities and are either made up (C. advanced and E. remote) or refer to a specific process rather than a category of messages (D. postmaster).

References: 1: Prepare for LPIC-1 exam 2 - topic 108.2: System logging - IBM Developer Tutorial 2: 108.2 System logging - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs 3: What is the local6 (and all other local#) facilities in syslog?

 To exclude all log messages of a given logging facility, you should use a logging priority of none. This means that no messages from that facility will be logged, regardless of their severity level. For example, if you want to exclude all messages from the local0 facility, you can use local0.none in your syslog configuration file. This will prevent any messages from local0 from being written to any log file or destination that matches that selector12. The logging priority of none is part of the LPI’s multi-level Linux professional certification program, and it is covered in the topic 106.1 System logging of the exam 102 objectives3. References: 1: logging - exclude syslog facility from all others - Server Fault 2: rsyslog.conf(5) - Linux manual page - man7.org 3: Exam 102 Objectives

The command that is used to list the contents of the MTA’s mail queue is mailq12. This command is available with all MTAs, such as sendmail, postfix, exim, etc12. The mailq command prints the mail queue, which is the list of messages that are waiting to be sent12. The output of the mailq command shows the queue ID, size, time, sender, and recipient of each message12. The mailq command can also take various options to modify the output, such as -v for verbose mode, -Ac for mail submission queue, -qL for lost items, and -qQ for quarantined items3.

References: 1: mailq Command in Linux with Examples - GeeksforGeeks 2: mailq Command Examples in Linux – The Geek Diary 3: linux - How to see entire sendmail queue? - Server Fault

 The logrotate command is a tool for rotating, compressing, and mailing system logs. It is designed to ease the administration of systems that generate large numbers of log files. It allows automatic rotation, compression, removal, and mailing of log files. Each log file may be handled daily, weekly, monthly, or when it grows too large. Normally, logrotate is run as a daily cron job1. The logrotate command reads the configuration files specified on the command line or in the /etc/logrotate.conf and /etc/logrotate.d directories. These configuration files can set global options and specify log files to rotate and how to handle them. For example, the compress option enables compression of old log files, the mail option sends the log files to a specified email address before being rotated, and the rotate option sets the number of log files to keep12. The logrotate command is part of the LPI’s multi-level Linux professional certification program, and it is covered in the topic 106.1 System logging of the exam 102 objectives3. References: 1: logrotate(8) - Linux man page 2: logrotate command in Linux with examples - Linux command line tutorial 3: Exam 102 Objectives