Huawei H12-811_V1.0 Online Access

Detailed Explanation:With a /30 subnet mask, the valid IP range is 192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.3:

192.168.1.3 is the broadcast address, so it can be a destination.

192.168.1.1 and 192.168.1.2 are host addresses.

255.255.255.255 is the limited broadcast address, which any device can use to reach all hosts on the local network.

(Reference: HCIA-Datacom Training Material, IP Addressing and Subnetting)

Detailed Explanation:In this scenario, the MAC address 00e0-fc99-9999 is associated with multiple IP addresses through dynamic ARP learning, indicating that the host’s IP has changed several times. The ARP table on the switch shows multiple entries with different IPs mapped to the same MAC address, which is common when a device frequently updates its IP. As ARP is a dynamic protocol, these entries reflect the device's current and past IP associations. (Reference: HCIA-Datacom Training Material, ARP Operation and IP-MAC Mapping)

In the IP header at the network layer, the Protocol field specifies the transport layer protocol in use. The protocol number for UDP is 17, not 6. Protocol number 6 is reserved for TCP. This field allows IP packets to be correctly processed by the appropriate transport-layer protocol at the receiving device​.

Router Initialization:

When a router boots up, it attempts to load its configuration file from the default save directory to initialize.

If the configuration file is missing, the router defaults to preconfigured parameters to ensure basic functionality.

Default Parameters:

These parameters include IP routing, interface defaults, and system-level settings. They allow network administrators to connect and manually configure the router.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

B: The "initial configuration file" refers to the manually created file, which may not exist.

C: The "current configuration file" is used during runtime but does not persist through reboots if unsaved.

D: A "new configuration file" must be manually created and does not exist by default.

References: HCIA-Datacom V1.0 Certification Guide, Chapter 2: Device Initialization.