CSC1 Exam Dumps : Canadian Securities Course Exam 1

Using Moody’s long-term rating scale,Caais assigned to obligations that are speculative and subject to very high credit risk. This rating indicates that the issuer is highly vulnerable to adverse conditions, though it has not yet defaulted.

C (Option A):Indicates obligations that are in default.

B (Option B):Reflects obligations with speculative elements and higher risk than investment-grade ratings.

Ba (Option C):Denotes speculative-grade credit but with lower risk compared to Caa.

When a corporation issues preferred shares rather than debt, it avoids increasing its leverage (debt-to-equity ratio). Preferred shares are considered equity for financial reporting purposes and do not require the repayment of principal like debt instruments. Although they may have fixed dividend obligations, these are not legally binding in the way interest payments on debt are.

Issuing preferred shares allows the corporation to strengthen its balance sheet while potentially preserving its credit rating. Preferred shares do not directly affect leverage but provide capital without increasing debt.

References:

Volume 1, Chapter 8:Preferred Shares, section on "Why Companies Issue Preferred Shares" explains the advantages of using preferred shares instead of debt​.

The gain is calculated as:

Buying Price:5,000 shares purchased at $15.20 = $76,000.

Selling Price:5,000 shares sold at $15.25 = $76,250.

Profit Calculation:$76,250 - $76,000 =$1,000.

This reflects the gain from executing the market orders at the respective bid-ask prices.