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The customer currently lacks visibility into the Layer 7 application traffic on port 53, which is typically used for DNS. Palo Alto Networks' App-ID technology can identify applications traversing the network irrespective of the port, protocol, or encryption (SSL or SSH). By using App-ID, the customer can gain visibility into the specific applications being used, even if they are running over standard ports such as 53. This capability not only identifies the applications but also allows for granular control over them, enabling the customer to block unsanctioned applications if necessary.

Palo Alto Networks NGFW provides several mechanisms for user mapping, which helps in identifying and applying policies based on user identity rather than just IP addresses.

Captive Portal: This method redirects users to a portal where they must authenticate before accessing the network. It captures user credentials and maps them to their IP addresses.

Domain server monitoring: This involves monitoring Active Directory (AD) domain controllers to map users to their respective IP addresses based on login events.

Client probing: This mechanism involves directly querying devices on the network to determine the logged-in user. It's useful for mapping IP addresses to usernames dynamically.

The Security Lifecycle Review (SLR) is a pre-sales tool used by Palo Alto Networks that involves an in-depth interview, typically lasting around 4 hours, to assess a customer's current security posture. The SLR provides a comprehensive review of the security measures in place, identifies potential gaps, and offers recommendations for improvements. This tool helps organizations understand their security environment and make informed decisions about enhancing their security infrastructure.

References: Palo Alto Networks SLR documentation.

Logs from various products can be sent to the Cortex Data Lake, which serves as a centralized logging and data repository:

PA-3260 firewall: This next-generation firewall (NGFW) is capable of forwarding comprehensive logs, including threat, traffic, and user activity data, to the Cortex Data Lake for centralized analysis and response.

Prisma Access: This cloud-delivered security service ensures secure access to applications and data from anywhere. It integrates with Cortex Data Lake to provide consistent security across all users, irrespective of their location, by logging security events and user activities​ (Palo Alto Networks)​​ (Palo Alto Networks)​​ (Palo Alto Networks)​.