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The ePrivacy Directive, also known as the Cookie Law, is the EU legislation that regulates the use of cookies and other tracking technologies on websites and mobile applications. The ePrivacy Directive states that the use of cookies on websites and mobile applications is conditioned upon the prior consent of users, unless the cookies are strictly necessary for the provision of the service. Users must also be given clear and comprehensive information about the purposes of the cookies and the means to refuse them. The ePrivacy Directive complements the GDPR, which also applies to the processing of personal data through cookies, but does not specifically address the consent requirement for cookies. The other answer choices are not relevant to the consent requirement for cookies, as they regulate different aspects of the digital economy and society. The E-Commerce Directive establishes the legal framework for online services in the EU, such as information society services, electronic contracts, and liability of intermediaries. The Data Retention Directive requires telecommunication providers to retain certain data for a period of time for the purpose of law enforcement and national security. The EU Cybersecurity Directive aims to enhance the security of network and information systems across the EU, by setting common standards and obligations for operators of essential services and digital service providers. References:

• Cookies, the GDPR, and the ePrivacy Directive - GDPR.eu
• What is the EU Cookie Law (ePrivacy Directive)? - Cookie Script
• EU Cookie Law - Data Protection and Cookies - Cookiebot™
• ePrivacy Directive - Regulations - Learn how CookiePro Helps

According to the EU glossary1, a directive is a legal act that sets out a goal that EU countries must achieve, but leaves them the choice of form and methods to reach it. A directive is binding on the EU countries to which it is addressed, but it does not apply directly at the national level. Instead, it has to be transposed into national law by the national authorities, usually within a specified time limit. This allows for some flexibility and adaptation to the specific circumstances of each country. A directive is different from a regulation, which is a legal act that applies automatically and uniformly to all EU countries as soon as it enters into force, without needing to be transposed into national law. References:

• Free CIPP/E Study Guide, page 14, section 2.3
• Types of legislation, section 2
• What are EU directives?

The territorial scope of the GDPR is determined by Article 3 of the Regulation, which sets out two main criteria for applying the GDPR to the processing of personal data: the establishment criterion and the targeting criterion. The establishment criterion applies to the processing of personal data in the context of the activities of an establishment of a controller or a processor in the EU, regardless of whether the processing takes place in the EU or not. The targeting criterion applies to the processing of personal data of data subjects who are in the EU by a controller or processor not established in the EU, where the processing activities are related to the offering of goods or services to such data subjects in the EU or the monitoring of their behaviour as far as their behaviour takes place within the EU. In addition, the GDPR applies to the processing of personal data by a controller not established in the EU, but in a place where Member State law applies by virtue of public international law.

Therefore, the territorial scope of the GDPR does not depend on the membership of a country to a particular international agreement or organisation, but on the location and activities of the controller or processor and the data subjects involved in the processing. The Paris Agreement is an international treaty on climate change that aims to limit global warming and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It does not have any direct or indirect relevance to the GDPR or the protection of personal data. Hence, being a party to the Paris Agreement does not affect the applicability of the GDPR to a country or a controller or processor established in that country.

The other options are incorrect because they are either directly or indirectly related to the GDPR or the protection of personal data. The European Economic Area (EEA) consists of all EU member states plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The EEA Agreement allows these three countries to participate in the EU’s internal market and to adopt most of the EU legislation, including the GDPR. Therefore, the GDPR applies to all EEA countries as if they were EU member states. The Treaty of Lisbon is an international agreement that amends the two treaties which form the constitutional basis of the EU. The Treaty of Lisbon introduces several changes to the EU’s institutional structure, decision-making process, and policy areas, including the recognition of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU as legally binding. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU includes the right to the protection of personal data as a fundamental right, and provides the legal basis for the GDPR. Therefore, the GDPR applies to all EU member states that are parties to the Treaty of Lisbon. The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states, including the GDPR. Therefore, the GDPR applies to all EU member states by virtue of their membership to the EU. References: Art. 3 GDPR – Territorial scope, Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3) - version adopted after public consultation, Paris Agreement - Wikipedia, European Economic Area - Wikipedia, Treaty of Lisbon - Wikipedia, European Union - Wikipedia

 According to Article 13 of the GDPR, when personal data are collected from the data subject, the controller shall provide the data subject with certain information, such as the purposes and legal basis of the processing, the recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data, and the existence of the data subject’s rights. This information shall be provided at the time when personal data are obtained. The purpose of this requirement is to ensure that the data subject is informed and aware of how their personal data will be used and shared, and to enable them to exercise their rights accordingly. Therefore, customers shall receive a clear and conspicuous notice about such data sharing before submitting their data during the registration process. References:

• Article 13 of the GDPR
• IAPP CIPP/E Study Guide, page 32