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STM-1 with a bit rate of 1.544 Mbit/s

STM-1 with a bit rate of 2.048 Mbit/s

STM-1 with a bit rate of 51.84 Mbit/s

STM-1 with a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s

Provides an unreliable, connectionless data transmission service.

Provides a mechanism for flow control.

Verifies the integrity of all received datagrams.

Provides services equivalent to the OSI data link layer.

Routers send a copy of their routing table to their neighbors periodically.

Routers flood link information throughout the entire area.

Network converges quickly (within several seconds) after a topology change.

Routers do not have precise knowledge of the entire network topology.

It forwards the data to the switch fabric.

It discards excess data packets.

It converts the incoming data to an internal format.

It performs Quality of Service operations and buffers incoming data.

1

2

3

4

If dynamic-cost is enabled it will adjust the cost for routing protocols such as OSPF.

If dynamic-cost is not enabled it will adjust the cost for routing protocols such as OSPF by dividing the link bandwidth by 2.

The LAG will be changed to an operational state of 'down'.

The LAG will function with only 2 ports. There will be no change to the routing metric.

9 broadcast domains, 3 collision domains.

3 broadcast domains, 3 collision domains.

3 broadcast domains, 9 collision domains.

1 broadcast domain, 9 collision domains.

It records the destination MAC address and the interface on which it arrived.

It records the source MAC address and the interface on which it arrived.

It floods the frame out of all its interfaces except the interface on which the frame arrived.

It transmits the frame out of the appropriate interface.

Small optical module available in a variety of formats.

Contains a CPU for managing the forwarding hardware in each flexible fast path.

Converts traffic from an external standard format to an internal format.

Contains the CPU that runs the routing protocol software as well as the switch fabric.

Internet devices on the same network can have the same Layer 3 address in different broadcast domains.

Every Host device must have a unique Layer 3 address in order to access the Internet.

Internet devices need unique Layer 3 addresses to communicate directly with upper layers.

A router must have only one address to allow it to be uniquely identified.

RTR-A>config>router>if>ingress# filter ip 1

RTR-B>config>router>if>ingress# filter ip 1

RTR-B>config>router>if>egress# filter ip 1

RTR-A>config>router>if>egress# filter ip 1

Controls distribution of IP addresses.

Simplifies protocol functionality.

Isolates changes in lower layers from upper layers.

Increases protocol operational efficiencies.

Layering adds to the fragmentation of the data

Type the first letters of the command, then press Ctrl C

Type the first letters of the command, then press Esc

Type the first letters of the command, then press Tab

Type the first letters of the command, then type ?

208.40.224.0 208.40.224.255

208.40.4.0 208.40.4.255

208.40.224.16 208.40.224.31

208.40.224.48 208.40.224.63

208.40.227.0 - 208.40.224.255

Provides a universal addressing scheme to uniquely identify destinations in the network.

The size of the Layer 2 frame cannot exceed 1518 bytes.

Provides error checking of the frame contents after transmission.

All the above.

Estimates the round trip-time.

Generates an echo reply.

Calculates the data loss statistics.

Verifies the data field of the message.

IEEE

IETF

NSFNET

ITU-T

APNIC

100 m.

500 m.

1 Km.

10 Km.

VLAN Trunking

VLAN Stacking

VLAN Tagging

VLAN Routing

Router R1

Router R2

Router R3

Router R4

100.1.1.0/25

100.1.1.0/26

100.1.1.0/27

100.1.1.0/28

TCP (protocol 6) traffic between addresses 1.2.3.0/24 and 2.3.4.0/24 is dropped.

TCP (protocol 6) traffic from source address 1.2.3.0/24 to destination address 2.3.4.0/24 is forwarded.

TCP (protocol 6) traffic from source address 2.3.4.0/24 to destination address 1.2.3.0/24 is dropped.

TCP (protocol 6) traffic from source address 1.2.3.0/24 to destination address 2.3.4.0/24 is dropped.

Console

Session

Memory

File

Unique network addressing scheme to identify hosts globally

Orderly access to the transmission medium

Routing protocols for path determination

End-to-end forwarding of datagrams

Preference

Metric

Next-hop

Cost

Preamble

Start Frame Delimiter

Length/Type

Frame Check Sequence

?

Tab

Space bar

Return

6

14

30

62

UDP (protocol 17) packets with destination IP address 1.2.3.0/24 and destination port number between 200 and 300 are forwarded.

UDP (protocol 17) packets with destination IP address 1.2.3.0/24 and destination port number between 200 and 300 are dropped.

UDP (protocol 17) packets with destination IP address 1.2.3.0/24 or destination port numbers 200 or 300 are dropped.

UDP (protocol 17) packets with destination IP address 1.2.3.0/24 and source port number between 200 and 300 are dropped.

It provides a standardized method of communication.

It simplifies complex procedures.

It reduces protocol overhead.

It isolates layers and defines how they should interact.

It can boot without a compact flash in the CF3 slot.

It cannot boot without a compact flash in the CF3 slot.

It can operate without a compact flash in the CF3 slot once it has booted.

It cannot operate without a compact flash in the CF3 slot once it has booted.

the application services layer

The transport layer

The Internet protocol layer

The network interface layer

It is a broadcast technology that can send frames to all devices attached to shared media.

It uses a passive, wait-listen protocol called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/ CD).

It uses IP addresses to identify interfaces on the common network media.

It is part of the network interface layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite.

eBGP peering sessions with routers R1, R3 and R4

iBGP peering sessions with routers R1 and R5

An eBGP peering session with router R1, and iBGP peering sessions with routers R3 and R4

An iBGP peering session with router R1, and an eBGP peering session with router R4

Each customer’s traffic is isolated from other customers.

Service providers utilize a shared infrastructure to support multiple VPNs.

Customer data is altered as it traverses a VPN.

A VPN is created specifically to meet the requirements of each customer.

Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledgement

Request, Offer, Discover, Acknowledgement

Discover, Acknowledgement, Request, Offer

Request, Acknowledgement, Discover, Offer

Stop transmitting.

Terminate the TCP session.

Send the next segment.

Retransmit the previous segment.

At the edge of the provider's network facing the customer.

At the edge of the customer's network facing the provider.

In the core of the provider's network.

On the customer premises.

Sequence numbers are used to ensure that the data received is offered to the application in the correct order.

The SYN flag is used to identify congestion in the network.

The NACK flag is set on confirmation segments to acknowledge FCS errors.

The window size is transmitted in all TCP segments to communicate MTU limitations of lower layer protocols to upper layer applications.

File sizes

Port statistics

Log-id 100 files

TiMOS image files

Half-duplex transmission is less efficient because the frame MTU is smaller.

An end-station connected to a hub will always be half-duplex.

Ethernet switches only support half-duplex transmission.

All of the above.

next-hop 10.2.3.2

next-hop 192.168.2.1

next-hop 10.2 3.1

next-hop 192.168.2.0

R3 discards the LSA received from R1 and sends a copy of the LSA from its link state base to R1.

R3 installs the LSA received from R1 in its link state database and floods a copy to its neighbors.

R3 discards the LSA received from R1 and sends an ACK to R1.

R3 installs the LSA received from R1 in its link state database, sends an ACK to R1 and floods a copy to its neighbors.

Label Switching Routers make switching decisions based on the original MAC Header.

Label Switching Routers make routing decisions based on the original IP Header.

Label Switching Routers make forwarding decisions based on the MPLS label.

Label Switching Routers make decisions based on ATM header information.

4 subnets, 64 hosts

64 subnets, 4 hosts

4 subnets, 62 hosts

64 subnets, 2 hosts

6 subnets, 30 hosts

Link bandwidth.

Round trip time.

Hop count.

Route preference.

65001

65003

2002

All of the above.

None of the above.

LDP monitors the available bandwidth on all links and signals the LSP based on this information.

LDP uses the shortest hop-count between two endpoints for the LSP.

LDP must be configured hop-by-hop by the service provider.

LDP follows the path chosen by the IGP.

From the customers perspective it looks as if all sites are connected by the same set of dark fibers.

From the customers perspective it looks as if all sites are connected to a private switched network administered by the service provider.

From the customers perspective it looks as if all sites are connected to a private routed network administered by the service provider.

From the customers perspective it looks as if all sites have public internet access administered by the service provider.

Responds in real time to network failures.

Can only be used for routing within an autonomous system.

Uses a hop-count metric to determine the best route to a network.

Explicitly defines the next hop based on operator input.

TCP port 179.

UDP port 179.

TCP port 22.

UDP port 22.

A VPLS operates as if 2 sites are directly connected by a single cable.

A VPLS operates as if multiple sites are connected through a single switched LAN.

A VPLS operates as if multiple sites are connected through a single router.

A VPLS operates as if multiple sites are connected through a series of private point-to-point routed connections.