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MAC filtering is a security access control technique that allows specific network devices to access, or prevents them from accessing, the network. MAC filtering can also be used on a wireless network to prevent certain network devices from accessing the wireless network. MAC addresses are allocated only to hardware devices, not to persons.

SSL and TLS protocols are used to provide secure communication between a client and a server over the Internet.

You will use the tee command to write its content to standard output and simultaneously copy it into the specified file. The tee command is used to split the output of a program so that it can be seen on the display and also be saved in a file. It can also be used to capture intermediate output before the data is altered by another command or program. The tee command reads standard input, then writes its content to standard output, and simultaneously copies it into the specified file(s) or variables. The syntax of the tee command is as follows: tee [-a] [-i] [File] where, the -a option appends the output to the end of File instead of writing over it and the -i option is used to ignore interrupts. Answer: A is incorrect. The concatenate (cat) command is used to display or print the contents of a file. Syntax: cat filename For example, the following command will display the contents of the /var/log/dmesg file: cat /var/log/dmesg Note: The more command is used in conjunction with the cat command to prevent scrolling of the screen while displaying the contents of a file. Answer: C is incorrect. The less command is used to view (but not change) the contents of a text file, one screen at a time. It is similar to the more command. However, it has the extended capability of allowing both forwarB, Dackward navigation through the file. Unlike most Unix text editors/viewers, less does not need to read the entire file before starting; therefore, it has faster load times with large files. The command syntax of the less command is as follows: less [options] file_name Where,

C:\Documents and Settings\user-nwz\Desktop\1.JPG

Answer: B is incorrect. The more command is used to view (but not modify) the contents of a text file on the terminal screen at a time. The syntax of the more command is as follows: more [options] file_name Where,

C:\Documents and Settings\user-nwz\Desktop\1.JPG

A proxy server is a very important element for firewall applications. The services that it provides are as follows: Hide network resources: Proxy replaces the network IP address with a single IP address. Multiple systems can use a single IP address. Logging: A proxy server can log incoming and outgoing access, allowing a user to see every possible details of successful and failed connections. Cache: A proxy server can save information obtained from the Internet. It regularly updates these copies and automatically shows these pages, and will thus not need to access the Internet to view them.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a protocol used to transmit private documents via the Internet. SSL uses a combination of public key and symmetric encryption to provide communication privacy, authentication, and message integrity. Using the SSL protocol, clients and servers can communicate in a way that prevents eavesdropping and tampering of data on the Internet. Many Web sites use the SSL protocol to obtain confidential user information, such as credit card numbers. By convention, URLs that require an SSL connection start with https: instead of http:. By default, SSL uses port 443 for secured communication. For a SSL connection between a Web browser and Web server, you must enter https, for example, " ", instead of http as the protocol type in the URL. This will instruct the Web browser to use a different port for communication. SSL uses TCP port 443 for communication.

In DNS poisoning attack, an attacker distributes incorrect IP address. DNS cache poisoning is a maliciously created or unintended situation that provides data to a caching name server that did not originate from authoritative Domain Name System (DNS) sources. Once a DNS server has received such non-authentic datA, Caches it for future performance increase, it is considered poisoned, supplying the non-authentic data to the clients of the server. To perform a cache poisoning attack, the attacker exploits a flaw in the DNS software. If the server does not correctly validate DNS responses to ensure that they are from an authoritative source, the server will end up caching the incorrect entries locally and serve them to other users that make the same request. Answer: B is incorrect. IP (Internet Protocol) address spoofing is an attack in which an attacker creates the IP packets with a forged (spoofed) source IP address with the purpose of concealing the identity of the sender or impersonating another computing system. The basic protocol for sending data over the Internet and many other computer networks is the Internet Protocol ("IP"). The header of each IP packet contains, among other things, the numerical source and destination address of the packet. The source address is normally the address that the packet was sent from. By forging the header so it contains a different address, an attacker can make it appear that the packet was sent by a different machine. The machine that receives spoofed packets will send response back to the forged source address, which means that this technique is mainly used when the attacker does not care about the response or the attacker has some way of guessing the response. Answer: D is incorrect. Man-in-the-middle attacks occur when an attacker successfully inserts an intermediary software or program between two communicating hosts. The intermediary software or program allows attackers to listen to and modify the communication packets passing between the two hosts. The software intercepts the communication packets and then sends the information to the receiving host. The receiving host responds to the software, presuming it to be the legitimate client. Answer: C is incorrect. MAC flooding is a technique employed to compromise the security of network switches. In a typical MAC flooding attack, a switch is flooded with packets, each containing different source MAC addresses. The intention is to consume the limited memory set aside in the switch to store the MAC address-to-physical port translation table. The result of this attack causes the switch to enter a state called failopen mode, in which all incoming packets are broadcast out on all ports (as with a hub), instead of just down the correct port as per normal operation. A malicious user could then use a packet sniffer (such as Wireshark) running in promiscuous mode to capture sensitive data from other computers (such as unencrypted passwords, e-mail and instant messaging conversations), which would not be accessible were the switch operating normally.

John can use the UserInfo, PsFile, and PsPasswd tools in the enumeration phase. UserInfo is a utility that retrieves all available information about any known user from any Windows 2000/NT operating system (accessible by TCP port 139). UserInfo returns mainly the following information: SID and Primary group Logon restrictions and smart card requirements Special group Password expiration Note: UserInfo works as a NULL user even if the RestrictedAnonymous value in the LSA key is set to 1 to specifically deny anonymous enumeration. PsFile is a command-line utility that shows a list of files on a system that are opened remotely. It also allows a user to close opened files either by name or by a file identifier. The command syntax for PsFile is as follows: psfile [\\RemoteComputer [-u Username [-p Password]]] [Id | path] [-c] -u specifies the optional user name for logging in to a remote computer. -p specifies a password for a user name. If this is omitted, the user is prompted to enter the password without it being echoed to the screen. Id is the identifier of the file about which the user wants to display information. -c closes the files identifed by the ID or path. PsPasswd is a tool that helps Network Administrators change an account password on the local or remote system. The command syntax of PsPasswd is as follows: pspasswd [\\computer[,computer[,..] | @file [-u user [-p psswd]] Username [NewPassword]

The routing table displays various RIP and Connected routes. There is no routing entry for 10.10.100.0/24, but there is a default route in the routing table using 172.18.1.1 as the next hop router. Given that 10.10.100.0/24 does not have a direct entry in the routing table, RouterA will forward traffic to the default route next hop address of 172.18.1.1. Answer: A is incorrect. The address does not appear in the routing table as a next hop router, in addition to being an actual subnet number for 192.168.10.0/24. Answer: C is incorrect. 172.18.50.1 is the next hop for reaching 192.168.11.0. Answer: B is incorrect. 172.18.60.1 is the next hop for reaching 192.168.12.0.

A contingency plan is a plan devised for a specific situation when things could go wrong. Contingency plans include specific strategies and actions to deal with specific variances to assumptions resulting in a particular problem, emergency, or state of affairs. They also include a monitoring process and triggers for initiating planned actions. Answer: A is incorrect. Disaster recovery is the process, policies, and procedures related to preparing for recovery or continuation of technology infrastructure critical to an organization after a natural or human-induced disaster. Answer: C is incorrect. It deals with the plans and procedures that identify and prioritize the critical business functions that must be preserved. Answer: B is incorrect. It includes the plans and procedures documented that ensure the continuity of critical operations during any period where normal operations are impossible.

'Printenv' vulnerability allows an attacker to input specially crafted links and/or other malicious scripts. For example, Since 'printenv' is just an example CGI script (It comes with various versions of the Apache Web server.) that has no real use and has its own problems, there is no problem in removing it. Answer: B is incorrect. 'Printenv' does not maintain any log file of user activities.

Sawmill is a software package for the statistical analysis and reporting of log files, with dynamic contextual filtering, 'live' data zooming, user interface customization, and custom calculated reports. Sawmill incorporates real-time reporting and real-time alerting. Sawmill also includes a page tagging server and JavaScript page tag for the analysis of client side clicks (client requests) providing a total view of visitor traffic and on-site behavioral activity. Sawmill Analytics is offered in three forms, as a software package for user deployment, as a turnkey on-premise system appliance, and as a SaaS service. Sawmill analyzes any device or software package producing a log file and that includes Web servers, firewalls, proxy servers, mail servers, network devices (switches & routers etc.), syslog servers, databases etc. Its range of potential uses by knowledge workers is essentially limitless. Answer: D is incorrect. Sawmill Analytics software is available in three different forms; as a software package for user deployment, as a turnkey on-premise system appliance, and as a SaaS service.

Switches differ from hubs in that they break up Collision Domains. Each port on a switch equals one Collision Domain. Therefore, a switch will lower the number of collisions within the infrastructure. Managed switches typically offer the ability to create Virtual LANs. Virtual LANs allow the switch to create multiple LANs/network segments that are Virtual. This allows the switch to create additional environments where needed.

Storage and retention policies will determine how long you keep records (such as records of customers Web activity), how you will store them, and how you will dispose of them. This will allow you to know what records you should still have on hand should a legal request for such records come in. Answer: C is incorrect. User policies might determine what a customer has access to, but won't help you identify what they actually did access. Answer: A is incorrect. Group policies are usually pertinent to network administration, not the open and uncontrolled environment of an ISP. Answer: B is incorrect. Backup policies dictate how data is backed up and stored.

A Cisco router can have multiple connections to networks. These connections are known as interfaces for Cisco Routers. For naming each interface, Cisco generally uses the type of interface as part of the name. Following are some of the naming conventions of Cisco Router interfaces: An Ethernet interface that is fast always starts with an F. An interface connected to a serial connection always starts with an S. An interface connected to an Ethernet segment of the network always starts with an E. An interface connected to a Token Ring segment always starts with To.

Any unauthorized Wireless Access Point (WAP) is a serious security breach. Its configuration might be very unsecure. For example it might not use encryption or MAC filtering, thus allowing anyone in range to get on the network.

Corrective controls are used after a security breach. After security has been breached, corrective controls are intended to limit the extent of any damage caused by the incident, e.g. by recovering the organization to normal working status as efficiently as possible. Answer: D is incorrect. Before the event, preventive controls are intended to prevent an incident from occurring, e.g. by locking out unauthorized intruders. Answer: B is incorrect. During the event, detective controls are intended to identify and characterize an incident in progress, e.g. by sounding the intruder alarm and alerting the security guards or the police. Answer: A is incorrect. Safeguards are those controls that provide some amount of protection to an asset.

A firewall stops delivery of packets that are not marked safe by the Network Administrator. It checks the transport layer port numbers and the application layer headers to prevent certain ports and applications from forwarding the packets to an intranet. Answer: D, A, and B are incorrect. These are not checked by a firewall.

Piggybacking refers to access of a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's own computer within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge. It is a legally and ethically controversial practice, with laws that vary in jurisdictions around the world. While completely outlawed in some jurisdictions, it is permitted in others. The process of sending data along with the acknowledgment is called piggybacking. Answer: C is incorrect. Bluebugging is an attack used only in a Bluetooth network. Bluebugging is a form of bluetooth attack often caused by a lack of awareness. Bluebugging tools allow attacker to "take control" of the victim's phone via the usage of the victim's Bluetooth phone headset. It does this by pretending to be the users bluetooth headset and therefore "tricking" the phone to obey its call commands. Answer: D is incorrect. A worm is a software program that uses computer networks and security holes to replicate itself from one computer to another. It usually performs malicious actions, such as using the resources of computers as well as shutting down computers. Answer: B is incorrect. A Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is mounted with the objective of causing a negative impact on the performance of a computer or network. It is also known as a network saturation attack or bandwidth consumption attack. Attackers perform DoS attacks by sending a large number of protocol packets to the network. The effects of a DoS attack are as follows: Saturates network resources Disrupts connections between two computers, thereby preventing communications between services Disrupts services to a specific computer Causes failure to access a Web site Results in an increase in the amount of spam A Denial-of-Service attack is very common on the Internet because it is much easier to accomplish. Most of the DoS attacks rely on the weaknesses in the TCP/IP protocol.

Either IP spoofing or MAC spoofing attacks can be performed to hide the identity in the network. MAC spoofing is a hacking technique of changing an assigned Media Access Control (MAC) address of a networked device to a different one. The changing of the assigned MAC address may allow the bypassing of access control lists on servers or routers, either hiding a computer on a network or allowing it to impersonate another computer. MAC spoofing is the activity of altering the MAC address of a network card. Answer: A is incorrect. DNS cache poisoning is a maliciously created or unintended situation that provides data to a caching name server that did not originate from authoritative Domain Name System (DNS) sources. Once a DNS server has received such non-authentic datA, Caches it for future performance increase, it is considered poisoned, supplying the non-authentic data to the clients of the server. To perform a cache poisoning attack, the attacker exploits a flaw in the DNS software. If the server does not correctly validate DNS responses to ensure that they are from an authoritative source, the server will end up caching the incorrect entries locally and serve them to other users that make the same request. Answer: B is incorrect. In a distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack, an attacker uses multiple computers throughout the network that has been previously infected. Such computers act as zombies and work together to send out bogus messages, thereby increasing the amount of phony traffic. The major advantages to an attacker of using a distributed denial-of-service attack are that multiple machines can generate more attack traffic than one machine, multiple attack machines are harder to turn off than one attack machine, and that the behavior of each attack machine can be stealthier, making it harder to track down and shut down. TFN, TRIN00, etc. are tools used for a DDoS attack.

eBox Platform is an open source unified network server (or a Unified Network Platform) for SMEs. eBox Platform can act as a Gateway, Network Infrastructure Manager, Unified Threat Manager, Office Server, Unified Communications Server or a combination of them. Besides, eBox Platform includes a development framework to ease the development of new Unix-based services. Answer: D is incorrect. eBox Platform cannot act as a sandbox. A sandbox is a security mechanism for separating running programs. It is often used to execute untested code, or untrusted programs, from unverified third-parties, suppliers, and untrusted users.

The Annualized Rate of Occurrence (ARO) is a number that represents the estimated frequency at which a threat is expected to occur. It is calculated based upon the probability of the event occurring and the number of employees that could make that event occur. Answer: C is incorrect. The Exposure Factor (EF) represents the % of assets loss caused by a threat. The EF is required to calculate the Single Loss Expectancy (SLE). Answer: A is incorrect. The Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) is the value in dollars that is assigned to a single event. SLE = Asset Value ($) X Exposure Factor (EF) Answer: D is incorrect. Safeguard acts as a countermeasure for reducing the risk associated with a specific threat or a group of threats.

xplanation: Anonymizers have the following limitations: 1.HTTPS: Secure protocols such as 'https:' cannot be properly anonymized, as the browser needs to access the site directly to properly maintain the secure encryption. 2.Plugins: If an accessed site invokes a third-party plugin, there is no guarantee of an established independent direct connection from the user computer to a remote site. 3.Java: Any Java application accessed through an anonymizer will not be able to bypass the Java security wall. 4.ActiveX: ActiveX applications have almost unlimited access to the user's computer system. 5.JavaScript: The JavaScript scripting language is disabled with URL-based anonymizers.

A named block is a PL/SQL block that Oracle stores in the database and can be called by name from any application. A named block is also known as a stored procedure. Named blocks can be called from any PL/SQL block. It has a declaration section, which is known as a header. The header may include the name of a block, type of the block, and parameter. The name and list of formal parameters are known as the signature of a subroutine. Once a named PL/SQL block is compiled, it gets permanently stored as p-code after compilation in the shared pool of the system global area. Therefore, the named block gets compiled only once. An anonymous block is a PL/SQL block that appears in a user's application and is neither named nor stored in the database. This block does not allow any mode of parameter. Anonymous block programs are effective in some situations. They are basically used when building scripts to seed data or perform one-time processing activities. They are also used when a user wants to nest activity in another PL/SQL block's execution section. Anonymous blocks are compiled each time they are executed.

A relational database is a collection of data items organized as a set of formally-described tables from which data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways without having to reorganize the database tables. Answer: B is incorrect. The standard user and application program interface to a relational database is the structured query language (SQL). Answer: A is incorrect. In addition to being relatively easy to create and access, a relational database has the important advantage of being easy to extend. Answer: D is incorrect. A relational database is a set of tables containing data fitted into predefined categories. Each table (which is sometimes called a relation) contains one or more data categories in columns. Each row contains a unique instance of data for the categories defined by the columns.

In such a scenario, John will use Hunt which is capable of performing both the hacking techniques, sniffing and session hijacking. Answer: D is incorrect. Ethercap is a network sniffer and packet generator. It may be an option, but John wants to do session hijacking as well. Hence, he will not use Ethercap. Answer: A is incorrect. IPChains is a firewall. Answer: B is incorrect. Tripwire is a file and directory integrity checker.