Free and Premium Amazon Web Services CLF-C02 Dumps Questions Answers

AWS Shield Standard and AWS WAF are the AWS services or tools that are designed to protect a workload from SQL injections, cross-site scripting, and DDoS attacks. According to the AWS Shield Developer Guide, "AWS Shield is a managed Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) protection service that safeguards applications running on AWS. AWS Shield provides always-on detection and automatic inline mitigations that minimize application downtime and latency, so there is no need to engage AWS Support to benefit from DDoS protection."5 According to the AWS WAF Developer Guide, “AWS WAF is a web application firewall that helps protect your web applications or APIs against common web exploits that may affect availability, compromise security, or consume excessive resources. AWS WAF gives you control over how traffic reaches your applications by enabling you to create security rules that block common attack patterns, such as SQL injection or cross-site scripting, and rules that filter out specific traffic patterns you define.” VPC endpoint, virtual private gateway, and AWS Config are not designed to protect a workload from these types of attacks.

 The AWS tool that will meet the requirements of the company that is planning a migration to the AWS Cloud and wants to examine the costs that are associated with different workloads is AWS Pricing Calculator. AWS Pricing Calculator is a tool that helps customers estimate the cost of using AWS services based on their requirements and preferences. The company can use AWS Pricing Calculator to compare the costs of different AWS services and configurations, such as Amazon EC2, Amazon S3, Amazon RDS, and more. AWS Pricing Calculator also provides detailed breakdowns of the cost components, such as compute, storage, network, and data transfer. AWS Pricing Calculator helps customers plan and optimize their cloud budget and migration strategy. AWS Budgets, AWS Cost Explorer, and AWS Cost and Usage Report are not the best tools to use for this purpose. AWS Budgets is a tool that helps customers monitor and manage their AWS spending and usage against predefined budget limits and thresholds. AWS Cost Explorer is a tool that helps customers analyze and visualize their AWS spending and usage trends over time. AWS Cost and Usage Report is a tool that helps customers access comprehensive and granular information about their AWS costs and usage in a CSV or Parquet file. These tools are more useful for tracking and optimizing the existing AWS costs and usage, rather than estimating the costs of different workloads34

 Access keys are long-term credentials that consist of an access key ID and a secret access key. You use access keys to sign programmatic requests that you make to AWS using the AWS CLI or AWS API1. User name and password are credentials that you use to sign in to the AWS Management Console or the AWS Management Console mobile app2. SSH public keys are credentials that you use to authenticate with EC2 instances that are launched from certain Linux AMIs3. AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) keys are customer master keys (CMKs) that you use to encrypt and decrypt your data and to control access to your data across AWS services and in your applications4.

AWS Pricing Calculator is the AWS service or tool that the company should use to estimate its future AWS service costs before the migration. AWS Pricing Calculator is a web-based tool that allows the company to create cost estimates for various AWS services and scenarios. AWS Pricing Calculator helps the company to compare the costs of running the workload on premises versus on AWS, and to optimize the costs by choosing the best options for the workload. AWS Pricing Calculator also provides a detailed breakdown of the cost components and a downloadable report. For more information, see [AWS Pricing Calculator] and [Getting Started with AWS Pricing Calculator].

Scaling horizontally across multiple Availability Zones is a way to adopt a highly available architecture, as it increases the fault tolerance and resilience of the application. Scaling vertically to a larger EC2 instance size is a way to improve the performance of the application, but it does not improve the availability. Purchasing an EC2 Dedicated Instance is a way to isolate the instance from other AWS customers, but it does not improve the availability. Changing the EC2 instance family to a compute optimized instance is a way to optimize the instance type for the workload, but it does not improve the availability. These concepts are explained in the AWS Well-Architected Framework2.

 Spot Instances are instances that use spare EC2 capacity that is available for up to 90% off the On-Demand price. Because Spot Instances can be interrupted by EC2 with two minutes of notification when EC2 needs the capacity back, you can use them for applications that have flexible start and end times, or that can withstand interruptions5. This option is most cost-effective for the use case described in the question. Reserved Instances are instances that you purchase for a one-year or three-year term, and pay a lower hourly rate compared to On-Demand Instances. This option is suitable for applications that have steady state or predictable usage. Dedicated Instances are instances that run on hardware that’s dedicated to a single customer within an Amazon VPC. This option is suitable for applications that have stringent regulatory or compliance requirements. On-Demand Instances are instances that you pay for by the second, with no long-term commitments or upfront payments. This option is suitable for applications that have unpredictable or intermittent workloads.

 Create annotated documentation is the design principle that is included in the operational excellence pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework. According to the AWS Well-Architected Framework whitepaper, creating annotated documentation means "documenting your workload so that the team understands the architecture, how to operate the workload, and how the workload delivers value to customers."3 Anticipate failure, ensure performance efficiency, and optimize costs are design principles that belong to other pillars of the AWS Well-Architected Framework, such as reliability, performance efficiency, and cost optimization.

A is correct because Amazon Lex is the AWS service that helps users build conversational interfaces into applications using voice and text. B is incorrect because Amazon Transcribe is the AWS service that helps users convert speech to text. C is incorrect because Amazon Comprehend is the AWS service that helps users analyze text using natural language processing. D is incorrect because Amazon Timestream is the AWS service that helps users collect, store, and process time series data.

The architecture concept of the AWS Cloud that meets the requirements of the company that wants to migrate to the AWS Cloud and needs the ability to acquire and release resources as needed is elasticity. Elasticity means that AWS customers can quickly and easily provision and scale up or down AWS resources as their demand changes, without any upfront costs or long-term commitments. AWS provides various tools and services that enable customers to achieve elasticity, such as Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling, Amazon CloudWatch, and AWS CloudFormation. Elasticity helps customers optimize their performance, availability, and cost efficiency. Availability, reliability, and durability are other architecture concepts of the AWS Cloud, but they are not directly related to the ability to acquire and release resources as needed. Availability means that AWS customers can access their AWS resources and applications whenever and wherever they need them. Reliability means that AWS customers can depend on their AWS resources and applications to function correctly and consistently. Durability means that AWS customers can preserve their data and objects for long periods of time without loss or corruption12

 AWS Regions are geographic areas around the world where AWS has clusters of data centers. Each AWS Region consists of multiple, isolated, and physically separate AZ’s within a geographic area. By hosting the customer’s data in a specific AWS Region, the company can meet the requirement of hosting the data in the customer’s country. AWS Shield is a service that provides always-on detection and automatic inline mitigations that minimize application downtime and latency, so there is no need to engage AWS Support to benefit from DDoS protection. Amazon S3 Object Lock is a feature that allows you to store objects using a write-once-read-many (WORM) model. You can use it to prevent an object from being deleted or overwritten for a fixed amount of time or indefinitely. Placement groups are logical grouping of instances within a single Availability Zone. Placement groups enable applications to participate in a low-latency, 10 Gbps network. None of these services or infrastructure components can help the company host the customer’s data in a different country.

The Envision phase of the cloud transformation journey is where the company defines its vision, business drivers, and desired outcomes for the cloud adoption. The company also identifies its capability gaps by using the AWS Cloud Adoption Framework (AWS CAF) perspectives, which are business, people, governance, platform, security, and operations2.

 AWS Abuse team is the AWS group or team that the company should notify if it suspects that its AWS resources are being used for illegal activities. AWS Abuse team is a dedicated team that handles reports of abuse, such as spam, phishing, malware, denial-of-service attacks, and unauthorized access, involving AWS resources. The company can contact the AWS Abuse team by filling out the [Report Abuse of AWS Resources form] or sending an email to abuse@amazonaws.com. The company should provide as much information as possible, such as the source and destination IP addresses, timestamps, log files, and screenshots, to help the AWS Abuse team investigate and take appropriate actions. For more information, see [Reporting Abuse] and [AWS Acceptable Use Policy].

 AWS Trusted Advisor is the AWS service or tool that the company should use to identify areas for optimization. According to the AWS Trusted Advisor User Guide, “AWS Trusted Advisor is an online tool that provides you real time guidance to help you provision your resources following AWS best practices. AWS Trusted Advisor checks help optimize your AWS infrastructure, increase security and performance, reduce your overall costs, and monitor service limits.” Amazon QuickSight, AWS Organizations, and AWS Budgets are not designed to provide optimization recommendations for the current AWS environment.

AWS Systems Manager is a service that enables users to centralize and automate the management of their AWS resources. It provides a unified user interface to view operational data, such as inventory, patch compliance, and performance metrics. It also allows users to automate common and repetitive tasks, such as patching, backup, and configuration management, across all of their Amazon EC2 instances1. AWS Trusted Advisor is a service that provides best practices and recommendations to optimize the performance, security, and cost of AWS resources2. AWS CodeDeploy is a service that automates the deployment of code and applications to Amazon EC2 instances or other compute services3. AWS Elastic Beanstalk is a service that simplifies the deployment and management of web applications using popular platforms, such as Java, PHP, and Node.js4.

 Spot Instances are spare Amazon EC2 instances that are available at up to 90% discount compared to On-Demand prices. They are suitable for workloads that can tolerate interruptions, such as batch processing, data analysis, and testing. Spot Instances are allocated based on the current supply and demand, and can be reclaimed by AWS with a two-minute notice when the demand exceeds the supply5. Convertible Reserved Instances are a type of Reserved Instances that provide a significant discount (up to 54%) compared to On-Demand prices and a capacity reservation for Amazon EC2 instances. They are available in 1-year or 3-year terms and allow users to change the instance family, size, operating system, or tenancy during the term. Standard Reserved Instances are another type of Reserved Instances that provide a larger discount (up to 75%) compared to On-Demand prices and a capacity reservation for Amazon EC2 instances. They are available in 1-year or 3-year terms and do not allow users to change the instance attributes during the term. Dedicated Hosts are physical servers with Amazon EC2 instance capacity fully dedicated to the user’s use. They are suitable for users who have specific server-bound software licenses or compliance requirements.

AWS is responsible for maintaining the physical and environmental controls of the AWS Cloud, such as power, cooling, fire suppression, and physical security1. The customer is responsible for managing the IAM user permissions, creating security group rules for outbound access, applying Amazon EC2 operating system patches, and other aspects of security in the cloud1.

AWS WAF is a web application firewall that helps protect your web applications or APIs against common web exploits that may affect availability, compromise security, or consume excessive resources. AWS WAF gives you control over how traffic reaches your applications by enabling you to create security rules that block common attack patterns, such as SQL injection or cross-site scripting, and rules that filter out specific traffic patterns you define2. You can use AWS WAF to create a custom rule that blocks SQL injection attacks on your website.

 The AWS Well-Architected Framework helps you understand the pros and cons of decisions you make while building systems on AWS. By using the Framework, you will learn architectural best practices for designing and operating reliable, secure, efficient, and cost-effective systems in the cloud. The Framework consists of five pillars: operational excellence, security, reliability, performance efficiency, and cost optimization2.

Cost optimization is the pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework that aligns with the requirements of not relying on elaborate forecasting and paying only for the resources that are used. The cost optimization pillar focuses on the ability of a system to deliver business value at the lowest price point. Cost optimization involves using the right AWS services and resources for the workload, measuring and monitoring the cost and usage, and continuously improving the cost efficiency. Cost optimization also leverages the benefits of the AWS Cloud, such as pay-as-you-go pricing, elasticity, and scalability. For more information, see [Cost Optimization Pillar] and [Cost Optimization].

Under the AWS shared responsibility model, AWS is responsible for ensuring the security of the internal network in the AWS data centers, as well as the physical security of the hardware and facilities that run AWS services. AWS customers are responsible for configuring the security group rules that determine which ports are open on an EC2 Linux instance, patching the guest operating system with the latest security patches on EC2, and turning on server-side encryption for S3 buckets. Source: AWS Shared Responsibility Model

AWS Trusted Advisor is a service that provides real-time guidance to help you provision your resources following AWS best practices. AWS Trusted Advisor provides recommended actions in five categories: cost optimization, performance, security, fault tolerance, and service quotas. Cost optimization helps you reduce your overall AWS costs by identifying idle and underutilized resources. Service quotas helps you monitor and manage your usage of AWS service quotas and request quota increases. Operating system patches, repetitive tasks, and account activity records are not categories that AWS Trusted Advisor provides recommended actions for. Source: [AWS Trusted Advisor]

 Consolidated billing is an AWS feature that allows users to combine the usage and costs of multiple AWS accounts into a single bill. This enables users to obtain billing discounts that are based on the company’s use of AWS services, such as volume pricing tiers, Reserved Instance discounts, and Savings Plans discounts5. Resource tagging is an AWS feature that allows users to assign metadata to AWS resources, such as EC2 instances, S3 buckets, and Lambda functions. This enables users to organize, track, and manage their AWS resources, such as filtering, grouping, and reporting. Pay-as-you-go pricing is an AWS pricing model that allows users to pay only for the resources and services they use, without any upfront or long-term commitments. This enables users to lower their costs by scaling up or down as needed, and avoiding over-provisioning or under-utilization. Spot Instances are spare EC2 instances that are available at up to 90% discount compared to On-Demand prices. They are suitable for workloads that can tolerate interruptions, such as batch processing, data analysis, and testing. Spot Instances are allocated based on the current supply and demand, and can be reclaimed by AWS with a two-minute notice when the demand exceeds the supply.

 Global reach is the benefit of AWS Cloud computing that provides lower latency between users and applications. Global reach means that AWS customers can deploy their applications and data in multiple regions around the world, and deliver them to users with high performance and availability. AWS has the largest global infrastructure of any cloud provider, with 25 geographic regions and 81 Availability Zones, as well as 216 Points of Presence in 84 cities across 42 countries. Customers can choose the optimal locations for their applications and data based on their business requirements, such as compliance, data sovereignty, and customer proximity. Agility, economies of scale, and pay-as-you-go pricing are other benefits of AWS Cloud computing, but they do not directly provide lower latency between users and applications. Agility means that AWS customers can quickly and easily provision and scale up or down AWS resources as needed, without upfront costs or long-term commitments. Economies of scale means that AWS customers can benefit from the lower costs and higher efficiency that AWS achieves by operating at a massive scale and passing the savings to the customers. Pay-as-you-go pricing means that AWS customers only pay for the AWS resources they use, without any upfront costs or long-term contracts.

Convertible Reserved Instances (RIs) are a type of Reserved Instance that allow you to change the attributes of the RI as long as the exchange results in the creation of Reserved Instances of equal or greater value. You can exchange Convertible RIs for other Convertible RIs from a different instance family, size, platform, tenancy, or scope (Region or Availability Zone)3.

AWS Service Catalog is a service that allows you to create and manage catalogs of IT services that are approved for use on AWS. You can use AWS Service Catalog to centrally manage commonly deployed IT services and help your organization achieve consistent governance and meet your compliance requirements, while enabling users to quickly deploy only the approved IT services they need1. AWS Config is a service that enables you to assess, audit, and evaluate the configurations of your AWS resources. AWS software development kits (SDKs) are tools that enable you to easily integrate your applications with AWS services using your preferred programming language. AWS AppSync is a service that simplifies application development by letting you create a flexible API to securely access, manipulate, and combine data from one or more data sources. None of these services can help you limit your employees’ AWS access to a portfolio of predefined AWS resources.

Amazon Route 53 is the AWS service that provides DNS resolution. DNS (Domain Name System) is a service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Amazon Route 53 is a highly available and scalable cloud DNS service that offers domain name registration, DNS routing, and health checking. Amazon Route 53 can route the traffic to various AWS services, such as Amazon EC2, Amazon S3, and Amazon CloudFront. Amazon Route 53 can also integrate with other AWS services, such as AWS Certificate Manager, AWS Shield, and AWS WAF. For more information, see [What is Amazon Route 53?] and [Amazon Route 53 Features].

B is correct because AWS Enterprise Support is the AWS Support plan that provides concierge service, a designated AWS technical account manager (TAM), and technical support that is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This plan is designed for customers who run mission-critical workloads on AWS and need the highest level of support. A is incorrect because AWS Basic Support is the AWS Support plan that provides customer service and support for billing and account issues, service limit increases, and technical support for a limited set of AWS services. It does not provide concierge service, a designated TAM, or 24/7 technical support. C is incorrect because AWS Business Support is the AWS Support plan that provides customer service and support for billing and account issues, service limit increases, and technical support for all AWS services, as well as access to AWS Trusted Advisor and AWS Support API. It does not provide concierge service or a designated TAM. D is incorrect because AWS Developer Support is the AWS Support plan that provides customer service and support for billing and account issues, service limit increases, and technical support for all AWS services, as well as access to AWS Trusted Advisor. It does not provide concierge service, a designated TAM, or 24/7 technical support.

C is correct because turning on multi-factor authentication (MFA) for added security during the login process is one of the IAM security best practices recommended by AWS. MFA adds an extra layer of protection on top of the user name and password, making it harder for attackers to access the AWS account. A is incorrect because using the account root user access keys for administrative tasks is not a good practice, as the root user has full access to all the resources in the AWS account and can cause irreparable damage if compromised. AWS recommends creating individual IAM users with the least privilege principle and using roles for applications that run on Amazon EC2 instances. B is incorrect because granting broad permissions so that all company employees can access the resources they need is not a good practice, as it increases the risk of unauthorized or accidental actions on the AWS resources. AWS recommends granting only the permissions that are required to perform a task and using groups to assign permissions to IAM users. D is incorrect because avoiding rotating credentials to prevent issues in production applications is not a good practice, as it increases the risk of credential leakage or compromise. AWS recommends rotating credentials regularly and using temporary security credentials from AWS STS when possible.

Amazon Kendra is a service that provides a highly accurate and easy-to-use enterprise search service that is powered by machine learning. Kendra delivers powerful natural language search capabilities to your websites and applications so your end users can more easily find the information they need within the vast amount of content spread across your company. Amazon SageMaker is a service that provides a fully managed platform for data scientists and developers to quickly and easily build, train, and deploy machine learning models at any scale. Amazon Augmented AI (Amazon A2I) is a service that makes it easy to build the workflows required for human review of ML predictions. Amazon A2I brings human review to all developers, removing the undifferentiated heavy lifting associated with building human review systems or managing large numbers of human reviewers. Amazon Polly is a service that turns text into lifelike speech, allowing you to create applications that talk, and build entirely new categories of speech-enabled products. None of these services provide an enterprise search service that is powered by machine learning.

The AWS service that will meet the requirements of the company that wants to create a chatbot and integrate the chatbot with its current web application is Amazon Lex. Amazon Lex is a service that helps customers build conversational interfaces using voice and text. The company can use Amazon Lex to create a chatbot that can understand natural language and respond to user requests, using the same deep learning technologies that power Amazon Alexa. Amazon Lex also provides easy integration with other AWS services, such as Amazon Comprehend, Amazon Polly, and AWS Lambda, as well as popular platforms, such as Facebook Messenger, Slack, and Twilio. Amazon Lex helps customers create engaging and interactive chatbots for their web applications. Amazon Kendra, Amazon Textract, and Amazon Polly are not the best services to use for this purpose. Amazon Kendra is a service that helps customers provide accurate and natural answers to natural language queries using machine learning. Amazon Textract is a service that helps customers extract text and data from scanned documents using optical character recognition (OCR) and machine learning. Amazon Polly is a service that helps customers convert text into lifelike speech using deep learning. These services are more useful for different types of natural language processing and generation tasks, rather than creating and integrating chatbots.

Amazon Lightsail is an easy-to-use cloud platform that offers you everything needed to build an application or website, plus a cost-effective, monthly plan. Whether you’re new to the cloud or looking to get on the cloud quickly with AWS infrastructure you trust, we’ve got you covered. Lightsail provides the simplest way for the company to establish a website on AWS.

 AWS Outposts is a fully managed service that extends AWS infrastructure, AWS services, APIs, and tools to virtually any datacenter, co-location space, or on-premises facility for a truly consistent hybrid experience. AWS Outposts enables you to run AWS services in your on-premises data center1.

Customers share responsibility with AWS for security and compliance of AWS accounts and resources. This is part of the AWS shared responsibility model, which defines the division of responsibilities between AWS and the customer for security and compliance. AWS is responsible for the security of the cloud, which includes the physical and environmental controls of the AWS global infrastructure, such as power, cooling, fire suppression, and physical access. The customer is responsible for the security in the cloud, which includes the configuration and management of the AWS resources and applications, such as identity and access management, encryption, firewall, and backup. For more information, see AWS Shared Responsibility Model and AWS Cloud Security.

Reliability is the benefit of AWS Cloud computing that ensures the workload performs consistently and correctly. According to the AWS Cloud Practitioner Essentials course, reliability means "the ability of a system to recover from infrastructure or service disruptions, dynamically acquire computing resources to meet demand, and mitigate disruptions such as misconfigurations or transient network issues."1 Elasticity, security, and pay-as-you-go pricing are also benefits of AWS Cloud computing, but they do not directly relate to the goal of consistent and correct performance.

AWS customer carbon footprint tool is an AWS service or tool that helps companies measure the environmental impact of their AWS usage. It allows users to estimate the carbon emissions associated with their AWS resources and services, such as EC2, S3, and Lambda. It also provides recommendations and best practices to reduce the carbon footprint and improve the sustainability of their AWS workloads4. AWS Compute Optimizer is an AWS service that helps users optimize the performance and cost of their EC2 instances and Auto Scaling groups. It provides recommendations for optimal instance types, sizes, and configurations based on the workload characteristics and utilization metrics. It does not help users measure the environmental impact of their AWS usage. Sustainability pillar is a concept that refers to the ability of a system to operate in an environmentally friendly and socially responsible manner. It is not an AWS service or tool that helps users measure the environmental impact of their AWS usage. OS-Climate (Open Source Climate Data Commons) is an initiative that aims to provide open source data, tools, and platforms to accelerate climate action and innovation. It is not an AWS service or tool that helps users measure the environmental impact of their AWS usage.

AWS Outposts is a service that offers fully managed and configurable compute and storage racks built with AWS-designed hardware that allow you to run your workloads on premises and seamlessly connect to AWS services in the cloud. AWS Outposts is ideal for workloads that require low latency, local data processing, or local data storage. With AWS Outposts, you can use the same AWS APIs, tools, and infrastructure across on premises and the cloud to deliver a truly consistent hybrid experience5. Availability Zones are isolated locations within each AWS Region that are engineered to be fault-tolerant and provide high availability. AWS Local Zones are extensions of AWS Regions that are placed closer to large population, industry, and IT centers where no AWS Region exists today. AWS Wavelength is a service that enables developers to build applications that deliver ultra-low latency to mobile devices and users by deploying AWS compute and storage at the edge of the 5G network. None of these services or features can help you host a critical application with minimum latency at a remote site that has a slow internet connection.

 Server-side encryption with Amazon S3 managed encryption keys (SSE-S3) and server-side encryption with AWS KMS managed keys (SSE-KMS) are the encryption types that can be used to protect objects at rest in Amazon S3. Server-side encryption means that Amazon S3 encrypts the objects before saving them on disks and decrypts them when they are downloaded. SSE-S3 uses one master key per bucket that is managed by Amazon S3. SSE-KMS uses a customer master key (CMK) that is stored in AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) and provides additional benefits, such as audit trails and key rotation. For more information, see Protecting Data Using Server-Side Encryption and Protecting Data Using Encryption.

 Patch management and configuration management are controls that are the responsibility of both AWS and AWS customers, according to the AWS shared responsibility model. Patch management is the process of applying updates to software and applications to fix vulnerabilities, bugs, or performance issues. Configuration management is the process of defining and maintaining the settings and parameters of systems and applications to ensure their consistency and reliability. AWS is responsible for patching and configuring the software and services that it manages, such as the AWS global infrastructure, the hypervisor, and the AWS managed services. The customer is responsible for patching and configuring the software and services that they manage, such as the guest operating system, the applications, and the AWS customer-managed services. Physical and environmental controls are the responsibility of AWS, according to the AWS shared responsibility model. Physical and environmental controls are the measures that protect the physical security and availability of the AWS global infrastructure, such as power, cooling, fire suppression, and access control. AWS is responsible for maintaining these controls and ensuring the resilience and reliability of the AWS Cloud. Account structures are the responsibility of the customer, according to the AWS shared responsibility model. Account structures are the ways that customers organize and manage their AWS accounts and resources, such as using AWS Organizations, IAM users and roles, resource tagging, and billing preferences. The customer is responsible for creating and configuring these structures and ensuring the security and governance of their AWS environment. Choice of the AWS Region where data is stored is the responsibility of the customer, according to the AWS shared responsibility model. AWS Regions are geographic areas that consist of multiple isolated Availability Zones. Customers can choose which AWS Region to store their data and run their applications, depending on their latency, compliance, and cost requirements. The customer is responsible for selecting the appropriate AWS Region and ensuring the data sovereignty and regulatory compliance of their data.

Amazon CloudFront with Amazon S3 is a solution that allows you to provide static files securely to users from around the world. Amazon CloudFront is a fast content delivery network (CDN) service that securely delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to customers globally with low latency, high transfer speeds, all within a developer-friendly environment. Amazon S3 is an object storage service that offers industry-leading scalability, data availability, security, and performance. You can use Amazon S3 to store and retrieve any amount of data from anywhere. You can also configure Amazon S3 to work with Amazon CloudFront to distribute your content to edge locations near your users for faster delivery and lower latency. Amazon Kinesis Data Streams is a service that enables you to build custom applications that process or analyze streaming data for specialized needs. This option is not relevant for providing static files securely. Amazon EC2 instances with an Application Load Balancer is a solution that allows you to distribute incoming traffic across multiple targets, such as EC2 instances, in multiple Availability Zones. This option is suitable for dynamic web applications, but not necessary for static files. Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) is a service that provides a simple, scalable, fully managed elastic NFS file system for use with AWS Cloud services and on-premises resources. This option is not relevant for providing static files securely.

Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) is the AWS service that allows customers to create multiple isolated networks in the same AWS account. A VPC is a logically isolated section of the AWS Cloud where customers can launch AWS resources in a virtual network that they define. Customers can create multiple VPCs within an AWS account, each with its own IP address range, subnets, route tables, security groups, network access control lists, gateways, and other components. AWS Transit Gateway, Internet gateway, and Amazon EC2 are not services or components that provide the functionality of creating multiple isolated networks in the same AWS account. AWS Transit Gateway is a service that enables customers to connect their Amazon VPCs and their on-premises networks to a single gateway. An Internet gateway is a component that enables communication between instances in a VPC and the Internet. Amazon EC2 is a service that provides scalable compute capacity in the cloud34

 Physical and environmental controls are entirely the responsibility of AWS, according to the AWS shared responsibility model. The AWS shared responsibility model defines the division of responsibilities between AWS and the customer for security and compliance. AWS is responsible for the security of the cloud, which includes the physical and environmental controls of the AWS global infrastructure, such as power, cooling, fire suppression, and physical access. The customer is responsible for the security in the cloud, which includes the configuration and management of the AWS resources and applications. For more information, see [AWS Shared Responsibility Model] and [AWS Cloud Security].

 Operations is an option that is a perspective that includes foundational capabilities of the AWS Cloud Adoption Framework (AWS CAF). Operations is one of the six perspectives of the AWS CAF, along with business, people, governance, platform, and security. Operations focuses on the processes and procedures to support the ongoing management and maintenance of the cloud-based IT assets. It covers topics such as monitoring, backup and recovery, change management, incident management, and automation5. Sustainability is not a perspective of the AWS CAF, but a concept that refers to the ability of a system to operate in an environmentally friendly and socially responsible manner. Performance efficiency is not a perspective of the AWS CAF, but a pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework. It focuses on using the right resources and services for the workload, monitoring performance, and continuously improving the efficiency of the solution. Reliability is not a perspective of the AWS CAF, but a pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework. It focuses on the ability of a system to recover from infrastructure or service disruptions, dynamically acquire computing resources to meet demand, and mitigate disruptions such as misconfigurations or transient network issues.

Amazon GuardDuty is a threat detection service that continuously monitors for malicious activity and unauthorized behavior to protect your AWS accounts, workloads, and data stored in Amazon S3. With the cloud, the collection and aggregation of account and network activities is simplified, but it can be time consuming for security teams to continuously analyze event log data for potential threats. With GuardDuty, you can automate anomaly detection and get actionable findings to help you protect your AWS resources4.

AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a service that allows users to manage access to AWS resources and services. It enables users to create and manage users, groups, roles, and policies that control who can do what in AWS. IAM is always free of charge for users, as there is no additional cost for using IAM with any AWS service1. Amazon S3 is a storage service that provides scalable, durable, and secure object storage. Amazon S3 has a free tier that offers 5 GB of storage, 20,000 GET requests, and 2,000 PUT requests per month for one year. However, users are charged for any additional usage beyond the free tier limits2. Amazon Aurora is a relational database service that is compatible with MySQL and PostgreSQL. Amazon Aurora has a free tier that offers 750 hours of Aurora Single-AZ db.t2.small database usage and 20 GB of storage per month for one year. However, users are charged for any additional usage beyond the free tier limits3. Amazon EC2 is a compute service that provides resizable virtual servers. Amazon EC2 has a free tier that offers 750 hours of Linux and Windows t2.micro instances per month for one year. However, users are charged for any additional usage beyond the free tier limits4.

Amazon S3 is a service that provides highly durable and cost-effective object storage for a variety of use cases, including backup and archive, big data analytics, disaster recovery, and cloud applications. Amazon S3 offers 99.999999999% (11 9’s) of durability, meaning that data is designed to withstand the loss of two facilities concurrently. Amazon S3 also offers several storage classes with different price and performance characteristics, such as S3 Glacier and S3 Glacier Deep Archive, which are ideal for long-term archival of data that is rarely accessed. AWS Snowball, AWS Storage Gateway, and Amazon Kinesis are not designed to provide the same level of durability and cost-effectiveness as Amazon S3 for storing call recordings for 6 years. Source: Amazon S3

The company should use AWS WAF to safeguard the website from SQL injection or cross-site scripting. AWS WAF is a web application firewall that helps protect web applications from common web exploits that could affect availability, compromise security, or consume excessive resources. The company can use AWS WAF to create custom rules that block malicious requests that match certain patterns, such as SQL injection or cross-site scripting. AWS WAF can be applied to web applications that are behind an Application Load Balancer, Amazon CloudFront, or Amazon API Gateway. Amazon GuardDuty, AWS Trusted Advisor, and Amazon Inspector are not the best services to use for this purpose. Amazon GuardDuty is a threat detection service that monitors for malicious activity and unauthorized behavior across the AWS accounts and resources. AWS Trusted Advisor is a service that provides best practice recommendations for cost optimization, performance, security, and fault tolerance. Amazon Inspector is a service that assesses the security and compliance of applications running on Amazon EC2 instances12

 Deploying the application in multiple Availability Zones is the best way to ensure high availability for the application. Availability Zones are isolated locations within an AWS Region that are engineered to be fault-tolerant from failures in other Availability Zones. By deploying the application in multiple Availability Zones, the company can reduce the impact of outages and increase the resilience of the application. Deploying the application in a single Availability Zone, on AWS Direct Connect, or on Reserved Instances does not provide the same level of high availability as deploying the application in multiple Availability Zones. Source: Availability Zones

Deploying the application by using multiple Availability Zones is the best way to increase resilience for the application. According to the Amazon RDS User Guide, "Amazon RDS provides high availability and failover support for DB instances using Multi-AZ deployments. In a Multi-AZ deployment, Amazon RDS automatically provisions and maintains a synchronous standby replica in a different Availability Zone. The primary DB instance is synchronously replicated across Availability Zones to a standby replica to provide data redundancy, eliminate I/O freezes, and minimize latency spikes during system backups."4 Deploying a copy of the application in another AWS account, using multiple VPCs, or using multiple subnets do not provide the same level of resilience as using multiple Availability Zones.

Decoupling the components of an application means reducing the dependencies and interactions between them, which can improve the application’s reliability, scalability, and performance. Decoupling can be achieved by using services such as Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS), Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS), and AWS Lambda1

ACLs are an AWS service or feature that the developer can use to restrict read and write access to the S3 bucket. ACLs are access control lists that grant basic permissions to other AWS accounts or predefined groups. They can be used to grant read or write access to an S3 bucket or an object3. Security groups are virtual firewalls that control the inbound and outbound traffic for Amazon EC2 instances. They are not a service or feature that can be used to restrict access to an S3 bucket. Amazon CloudWatch is a service that provides monitoring and observability for AWS resources and applications. It can be used to collect and analyze metrics, logs, events, and alarms. It is not a service or feature that can be used to restrict access to an S3 bucket. AWS CloudTrail is a service that provides governance, compliance, and audit for AWS accounts and resources. It can be used to track and record the API calls and user activity in AWS. It is not a service or feature that can be used to restrict access to an S3 bucket.

 Performance efficiency is the pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework that represents the requirements of designing a solution for the efficient use of compute resources for an enterprise workload and making informed decisions as the technology needs evolve. It focuses on using the right resources and services for the workload, monitoring performance, and continuously improving the efficiency of the solution. Operational excellence is the pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework that represents the ability to run and monitor systems to deliver business value and to continually improve supporting processes and procedures. Cost optimization is the pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework that represents the ability to run systems to deliver business value at the lowest price point. Reliability is the pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework that represents the ability of a system to recover from infrastructure or service disruptions, dynamically acquire computing resources to meet demand, and mitigate disruptions such as misconfigurations or transient network issues.

 The AWS service that requires the customer to patch the guest operating system is Amazon EC2. Amazon EC2 is a service that provides scalable compute capacity in the cloud, and allows customers to launch and run virtual servers, called instances, with a variety of operating systems, configurations, and specifications. The customer is responsible for patching and updating the guest operating system and any applications that run on the EC2 instances, as part of the security in the cloud. AWS Lambda, Amazon OpenSearch Service, and Amazon ElastiCache are not services that require the customer to patch the guest operating system. AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that allows customers to run code without provisioning or managing servers. Amazon OpenSearch Service is a fully managed service that makes it easy to deploy, operate, and scale OpenSearch clusters in the AWS Cloud. Amazon ElastiCache is a fully managed service that provides in-memory data store and cache solutions, such as Redis and Memcached. These services are managed by AWS, and AWS is responsible for patching and updating the underlying infrastructure and software.

 Amazon CloudFront is a fast content delivery network (CDN) service that securely delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to customers globally with low latency, high transfer speeds, all within a developer-friendly environment. CloudFront can cache web server content in edge locations, which are located closer to the end users, to improve the web service’s performance globally2.

According to the AWS shared responsibility model, AWS is responsible for the security of the cloud, while the customer is responsible for the security in the cloud. This means that AWS provides the physical and environmental controls, the service and communications protection, and the awareness and training for its employees, while the customer provides the patch and configuration management, the identity and access management, the data encryption, and the firewall configuration for its resources3.

AWS Artifact is the AWS service or tool that provides on-demand access to AWS security and compliance reports and AWS online agreements. AWS Trusted Advisor is a tool that provides real-time guidance to help users provision their resources following AWS best practices. Amazon Inspector is a service that helps users improve the security and compliance of their applications. AWS Billing console is a tool that helps users manage their AWS costs and usage. These concepts are explained in the AWS Cloud Practitioner Essentials course3.

AWS Outposts is a fully managed service that extends AWS infrastructure, AWS services, APIs, and tools to virtually any datacenter, co-location space, or on-premises facility for a truly consistent hybrid experience. AWS Outposts enables you to run AWS services in your on-premises data center, which can support the requirement of retaining certain data on-premises due to legal obligations5.

Amazon EC2 M1 Mac instances are the AWS service or resource that the company should use for its iOS application development and build activities, as they enable users to run macOS on AWS and access a broad and growing set of AWS services. AWS CodeCommit is a service that provides a fully managed source control service that hosts secure Git-based repositories. AWS Amplify is a set of tools and services that enable developers to build full-stack web and mobile applications using AWS. AWS App Runner is a service that makes it easy for developers to quickly deploy containerized web applications and APIs. These concepts are explained in the AWS Developer Tools page4.

 Using EC2 instances across multiple Availability Zones in the same AWS Region is a solution that meets the requirements of sharing the same geographic area but using redundant underlying power sources. Availability Zones are isolated locations within an AWS Region that have independent power, cooling, and physical security. They are connected through low-latency, high-throughput, and highly redundant networking. By launching EC2 instances in different Availability Zones, users can increase the fault tolerance and availability of their applications. Amazon CloudFront is a content delivery network (CDN) service that speeds up the delivery of web content and media to end users by caching it at the edge locations closer to them. It is not a database service and cannot be used to store operational data for EC2 instances. Edge locations are sites that are part of the Amazon CloudFront network and are located in many cities around the world. They are not the same as Availability Zones and do not provide redundancy for EC2 instances. AWS OpsWorks is a configuration management service that allows users to automate the deployment and management of applications using Chef or Puppet. It can be used to create stacks that span multiple AWS Regions, but this would not meet the requirement of sharing the same geographic area.

 AWS Organizations is a service that enables you to consolidate multiple AWS accounts into an organization that you create and centrally manage. With AWS Organizations, you can create a single payment method for all the AWS accounts in your organization through consolidated billing. Consolidated billing enables you to see a combined view of AWS charges incurred by all accounts in your organization, as well as get a detailed cost report for each individual AWS account associated with your organization. AWS Artifact is a service that provides on-demand access to AWS’ security and compliance reports and select online agreements. AWS Budgets is a service that enables you to plan your service usage, service costs, and instance reservations. AWS Trusted Advisor is a service that provides real-time guidance to help you provision your resources following AWS best practices. None of these services or tools offer consolidated billing.

Amazon EC2 Spot Instances let you take advantage of unused EC2 capacity in the AWS cloud. Spot Instances are available at up to a 90% discount compared to On-Demand prices. You can use Spot Instances for various stateless, fault-tolerant, or flexible applications such as big data, containerized workloads, CI/CD, web servers, high-performance computing (HPC), and other test & development workloads. Spot Instances are well-suited for massively parallel computations, as they can provide large amounts of compute capacity at a low cost, and can be interrupted with a two-minute notice3

 AWS Systems Manager Patch Manager is a capability that allows users to automate the security updates for their operating systems and applications. It enables users to scan their instances for missing patches, define patch baselines, schedule patching windows, and monitor patch compliance. It supports Amazon EC2 instances, Amazon Lightsail instances, and on-premises servers. AWS Shield is a service that provides protection against Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks for AWS resources and services. It does not automate the security updates for operating systems and applications. Connecting to each server by using a remote desktop connection and running an update script is a manual and time-consuming solution that requires a lot of operational effort. It is not a recommended best practice for automating the security updates for operating systems and applications. Amazon GuardDuty is a service that provides intelligent threat detection and continuous monitoring for AWS accounts and resources. It does not automate the security updates for operating systems and applications.

AWS CloudFormation is a service that allows you to model and provision your AWS and third-party application resources in a repeatable and predictable way. You can use AWS CloudFormation to create, update, and delete a collection of resources as a single unit, called a stack. You can also use AWS CloudFormation to manage your development and production environments in a consistent and efficient manner4.

 Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) is the AWS storage service that should be used for an application that runs on multiple Amazon EC2 instances that access a shared file system simultaneously. Amazon EFS is a fully managed service that provides a scalable, elastic, and highly available file system for Linux-based workloads. Amazon EFS supports the Network File System version 4 (NFSv4) protocol and allows multiple EC2 instances to read and write data to the same file system concurrently. Amazon EFS also integrates with other AWS services, such as AWS Backup, AWS CloudFormation, and AWS CloudTrail. For more information, see What is Amazon Elastic File System? and [Amazon EFS Use Cases].

AWS Auto Scaling is the AWS service that allows users to optimize the number of EC2 instances based on the usage pattern, as it automatically adjusts the capacity to maintain steady and predictable performance at the lowest possible cost. Spot Instances are a way to reduce the cost of EC2 instances by bidding on unused EC2 capacity, but they are not suitable for applications that require steady and reliable performance. Reserved Instances are a way to reduce the cost of EC2 instances by committing to a certain amount of usage for a period of time, but they are not flexible to adjust to the usage pattern. AWS CloudFormation is a way to automate the creation and management of AWS resources, but it does not optimize the number of EC2 instances based on the usage pattern. These concepts are explained in the AWS Cloud Practitioner Essentials course3.

 C is correct because moving a workload from a local data center to an architecture that is distributed between the local data center and the AWS Cloud is an example of an on-premises to hybrid migration. A hybrid cloud is a cloud computing environment that uses a mix of on-premises, private cloud, and public cloud services with orchestration between the platforms. A is incorrect because on-premises to cloud native migration is the process of moving a workload from a local data center to an architecture that is fully hosted and managed on the AWS Cloud. B is incorrect because hybrid to cloud native migration is the process of moving a workload from an architecture that is distributed between the local data center and the AWS Cloud to an architecture that is fully hosted and managed on the AWS Cloud. D is incorrect because cloud native to hybrid migration is the process of moving a workload from an architecture that is fully hosted and managed on the AWS Cloud to an architecture that is distributed between the local data center and the AWS Cloud.

 The most cost-effective EC2 instance purchasing option for the company that needs to host a web server on Amazon EC2 instances for at least 1 year and cannot tolerate interruption is Partial Upfront Reserved Instances. Reserved Instances are a pricing model that offer significant discounts compared to On-Demand Instances in exchange for a commitment to use a specific amount of compute capacity for a fixed period of time (1 or 3 years). Partial Upfront Reserved Instances require customers to pay a portion of the total cost upfront, and the remaining cost in monthly installments over the term. This option offers a lower effective hourly rate than No Upfront Reserved Instances, which require no upfront payment but have higher monthly payments. On-Demand Instances and Spot Instances are not the best options for the company. On-Demand Instances are a pricing model that offer the most flexibility and no long-term commitment, but have the highest hourly rate. Spot Instances are a pricing model that offer the lowest cost, but are subject to interruption based on supply and demand34

AWS Config is a service that enables you to assess, audit, and evaluate the configurations of your AWS resources. AWS Config continuously monitors and records your AWS resource configurations and allows you to automate the evaluation of recorded configurations against desired configurations. With AWS Config, you can review changes in configurations and relationships between AWS resources, dive into detailed resource configuration histories, and determine your overall compliance against the configurations specified in your internal guidelines. This can help you simplify compliance auditing, security analysis, change management, and operational troubleshooting1.

 Security groups are virtual firewalls that control the inbound and outbound traffic for Amazon EC2 instances. They can be used to allow access to an Amazon EC2 instance through only a specific port, such as port 22 for SSH or port 80 for HTTP. Security groups cannot deny access to malicious IP addresses at a subnet level, as they only allow or deny traffic based on the rules defined by the customer. To block malicious IP addresses, customers can use network ACLs, which are stateless firewalls that can be applied to subnets. Security groups cannot protect data that is cached by Amazon CloudFront, as they only apply to EC2 instances. To protect data that is cached by Amazon CloudFront, customers can use encryption, signed URLs, or signed cookies. Security groups are not stateless firewalls, as they track the state of the traffic and automatically allow the response traffic to flow back to the source. Stateless firewalls do not track the state of the traffic and require rules for both inbound and outbound traffic.

Compute Savings Plans are a flexible and cost-effective way to optimize long-term compute costs of AWS Lambda functions and Amazon EC2 instances. With Compute Savings Plans, customers can commit to a consistent amount of compute usage (measured in $/hour) for a 1-year or 3-year term and receive a discount of up to 66% compared to On-Demand prices3. Dedicated Hosts are physical servers with EC2 instance capacity fully dedicated to the customer’s use. They are suitable for customers who have specific server-bound software licenses or compliance requirements4. Reserved Instances are a pricing model that provides a significant discount (up to 75%) compared to On-Demand pricing and a capacity reservation for EC2 instances. They are available in 1-year or 3-year terms and different payment options5. Spot Instances are spare EC2 instances that are available at up to 90% discount compared to On-Demand prices. They are suitable for customers who have flexible start and end times, can withstand interruptions, and can handle excess capacity.

AWS Snowball Edge is a service that provides a physical device that can store up to 100 TB of data and perform local data processing on premises. It enables users to transfer data to and from the AWS Cloud in areas with limited or no internet connectivity. It also supports AWS Greengrass, which allows users to run AWS Lambda functions and other AWS services locally without a stable internet connection. Amazon S3 is a storage service that provides scalable, durable, and secure object storage. It requires a stable internet connection to transfer data to and from the AWS Cloud. AWS Storage Gateway is a service that provides a hybrid storage solution that connects on-premises applications to AWS Cloud storage services, such as Amazon S3, Amazon S3 Glacier, and Amazon EBS. It requires a stable internet connection to synchronize data between the on-premises and cloud storage. AWS Backup is a service that provides a centralized and automated solution to back up data across AWS services and on-premises resources. It requires a stable internet connection to transfer data to and from the AWS Cloud.

 The benefit of the AWS Cloud that helps companies achieve lower usage costs because of the aggregate usage of all AWS users is economies of scale. Economies of scale means that AWS can achieve lower costs and higher efficiency by operating at a massive scale and passing the savings to the customers. AWS leverages the aggregate usage of all AWS users to negotiate better prices with hardware vendors, optimize power consumption, and improve operational processes. As a result, AWS can offer lower and more flexible pricing options to the customers, such as pay-as-you-go, reserved, and spot pricing models. No need to guess capacity, ability to go global in minutes, and increased speed and agility are other benefits of the AWS Cloud, but they are not directly related to the aggregate usage of all AWS users. No need to guess capacity means that AWS customers can avoid the risk of over-provisioning or under-provisioning resources, and scale up or down as needed. Ability to go global in minutes means that AWS customers can deploy their applications and data in multiple regions around the world, and deliver them to users with high performance and availability. Increased speed and agility means that AWS customers can quickly and easily provision and access AWS resources, and accelerate their innovation and time to market.

The company should use the AWS Billing console to access a report about the estimated environmental impact of the company’s AWS usage. The AWS Billing console provides customers with various tools and reports to manage and monitor their AWS costs and usage. One of the reports available in the AWS Billing console is the AWS Sustainability Dashboard, which shows the estimated carbon footprint and energy mix of the customer’s AWS usage. The company can use this dashboard to measure and improve the sustainability of their cloud workloads. AWS Organizations, IAM policy, and Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) are not services or features that can provide a report about the estimated environmental impact of the company’s AWS usage. AWS Organizations is a service that enables customers to centrally manage and govern their AWS accounts. IAM policy is a document that defines the permissions for an IAM identity (user, group, or role) or an AWS resource. Amazon SNS is a fully managed pub/sub messaging service that enables customers to send messages to subscribers or other AWS services.

 The AWS service that will meet the requirements of the company that needs to host a highly available application in the AWS Cloud that runs infrequently for short periods of time with the least amount of operational overhead is AWS Lambda. AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that allows customers to run code without provisioning or managing servers. The company can use AWS Lambda to create and deploy their application as functions that are triggered by events, such as API calls, messages, or schedules. AWS Lambda automatically scales the compute resources based on the demand, and customers only pay for the compute time they consume. AWS Lambda also simplifies the management and maintenance of the application, as customers do not need to worry about the underlying infrastructure, security, or availability. Amazon EC2, AWS Fargate, and Amazon Aurora are not the best services to use for this purpose. Amazon EC2 is a service that provides scalable compute capacity in the cloud, and allows customers to launch and run virtual servers, called instances, with a variety of operating systems, configurations, and specifications. Amazon EC2 requires customers to provision and manage the instances, and pay for the instance hours they use, regardless of the application usage. AWS Fargate is a serverless compute engine for containers that allows customers to run containerized applications without managing servers or clusters. AWS Fargate requires customers to specify the amount of CPU and memory resources for each container, and pay for the resources they allocate, regardless of the application usage. Amazon Aurora is a fully managed relational database service that provides high performance, availability, and compatibility. Amazon Aurora is not a compute service, and it is not suitable for hosting an application that runs infrequently for short periods of time12

The company should deploy the EC2 instances across multiple Availability Zones to design a highly available application. Availability Zones are isolated locations within an AWS Region that are engineered to be fault-tolerant and operate independently of each other. By deploying the EC2 instances across multiple Availability Zones, the company can ensure that their application can withstand the failure of an entire Availability Zone and continue to operate with minimal disruption. Deploying the EC2 instances across multiple edge locations, VPCs, or AWS accounts will not provide the same level of availability and fault tolerance as Availability Zones. Edge locations are part of the Amazon CloudFront service, which is a content delivery network (CDN) that caches and serves web content to users. VPCs are virtual networks that isolate the AWS resources within an AWS Region. AWS accounts are the primary units of ownership and access control for AWS resources12

 Amazon CloudWatch and AWS CloudTrail are the AWS services that allow users to monitor and retain records of account activities that include governance, compliance, and auditing. Amazon CloudWatch is a service that collects and tracks metrics, collects and monitors log files, and sets alarms. AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables governance, compliance, operational auditing, and risk auditing of your AWS account. Amazon GuardDuty, AWS Shield, and AWS WAF are AWS services that provide security and protection for AWS resources, but they do not monitor and retain records of account activities. These concepts are explained in the AWS Cloud Practitioner Essentials course3.

 To make a subnet public, the company should use an Amazon VPC internet gateway and an Amazon VPC route table. An internet gateway is a horizontally scaled, redundant, and highly available VPC component that allows communication between your VPC and the internet. A route table contains a set of rules, called routes, that are used to determine where network traffic from your subnet or gateway is directed. To enable internet access for a subnet, you need to attach an internet gateway to your VPC and add a route to the internet gateway in the route table associated with the subnet.

 The AWS service or tool that provides recommendations to help users get rightsized Amazon EC2 instances based on historical workload usage data is AWS Compute Optimizer. AWS Compute Optimizer is a service that analyzes the configuration and performance of the AWS resources, such as Amazon EC2 instances, and provides recommendations for optimal resource types and sizes based on the workload patterns and metrics. AWS Compute Optimizer helps users improve the performance, availability, and cost efficiency of their AWS resources. AWS Pricing Calculator, AWS App Runner, and AWS Systems Manager are not the best services or tools to use for this purpose. AWS Pricing Calculator is a tool that helps users estimate the cost of using AWS services based on their requirements and preferences. AWS App Runner is a service that helps users easily and quickly deploy web applications and APIs without managing any infrastructure. AWS Systems Manager is a service that helps users automate and manage the configuration and operation of their AWS resources and applications34

Pay-as-you-go pricing is one of the main benefits of AWS. With pay-as-you-go pricing, you pay only for what you use, when you use it. There are no long-term contracts, termination fees, or complex licensing. You replace upfront expenses with lower variable costs and pay only for the resources you consume.

 A is correct because Amazon RDS is the AWS service that provides a managed relational database service that supports various database engines, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and SQL Server. B is incorrect because Amazon Redshift is the AWS service that provides a managed data warehouse service that is optimized for analytical queries. C is incorrect because Amazon ElastiCache is the AWS service that provides a managed in-memory data store service that supports Redis and Memcached. D is incorrect because Amazon Neptune is the AWS service that provides a managed graph database service that supports property graph and RDF models.

 According to the AWS shared responsibility model, the customer is responsible for configuring logical access controls for resources, and protecting account credentials. This includes managing IAM user permissions, security group rules, network ACLs, encryption keys, and other aspects of access management1. AWS is responsible for protecting the global infrastructure that runs all of the services offered in the AWS Cloud, such as the hardware, software, networking, and facilities. AWS is also responsible for configuring the security used by managed services, such as Amazon RDS, Amazon DynamoDB, and Amazon Aurora2.

 Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) and Amazon FSx offer file storage. File storage is a type of storage that organizes data into files and folders, and allows multiple users or applications to access and share the same files over a network. Amazon EFS is a fully managed, scalable, and elastic file system that supports the Network File System (NFS) protocol and can be used with Amazon EC2 instances and AWS Lambda functions. Amazon FSx is a fully managed service that provides two file system options: Amazon FSx for Windows File Server, which supports the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol and is compatible with Microsoft Windows applications; and Amazon FSx for Lustre, which is a high-performance file system that is optimized for compute-intensive workloads

Amazon RDS is the AWS service that will meet the requirements of using a managed service to simplify the setup, operation, and scaling of a MySQL database in the AWS Cloud. Amazon RDS is a relational database service that supports MySQL and other popular database engines. Amazon RDS handles routine database tasks such as provisioning, patching, backup, recovery, and scaling. Amazon RDS also offers high availability, security, and compatibility features3

 One of the cost efficiency principles related to the AWS Cloud is to right-size services based on capacity requirements. This means choosing the most appropriate type and size of AWS resources to meet the performance and scalability needs of the applications, while avoiding over-provisioning or under-provisioning. By right-sizing services, users can optimize the costs and benefits of using the AWS Cloud1

 The correct answers are C and D because S3 bucket policies and IAM user policies are AWS features that will meet the requirements. S3 bucket policies are access policies that can be attached to Amazon S3 buckets to grant or deny permissions to the bucket and the objects it contains. S3 bucket policies can be used to control who has permission to read, write, or delete objects that the company stores in the S3 bucket. IAM user policies are access policies that can be attached to IAM users to grant or deny permissions to AWS resources and actions. IAM user policies can be used to control who has permission to read, write, or delete objects that the company stores in the S3 bucket. The other options are incorrect because they are not AWS features that will meet the requirements. Security groups and network ACLs are AWS features that act as firewalls to control inbound and outbound traffic to and from Amazon EC2 instances and subnets. Security groups and network ACLs do not control who has permission to read, write, or delete objects that the company stores in the S3 bucket. S3 bucket versioning is an AWS feature that enables users to keep multiple versions of the same object in the same bucket. S3 bucket versioning can be used to recover from accidental overwrites or deletions of objects, but it does not control who has permission to read, write, or delete objects that the company stores in the S3 bucket. Reference: Using Bucket Policies and User Policies, Security Groups for Your VPC, Network ACLs, [Using Versioning]

AWS Secrets Manager is the AWS service where database credentials should be stored for maximum security. AWS Secrets Manager helps to protect the secrets, such as database credentials, passwords, API keys, and tokens, that are used to access applications, services, and resources. AWS Secrets Manager enables secure storage, encryption, rotation, and retrieval of the secrets. AWS Secrets Manager also integrates with other AWS services, such as AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM), AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS), and AWS Lambda. For more information, see [What is AWS Secrets Manager?] and [Getting Started with AWS Secrets Manager].

 The correct answer is C because AWS Trusted Advisor is an AWS service or tool that provides users with the ability to monitor AWS service quotas. AWS Trusted Advisor is an online tool that provides users with real-time guidance to help them provision their resources following AWS best practices. One of the categories of checks that AWS Trusted Advisor performs is service limits, which monitors the usage of each AWS service and alerts users when they are close to reaching the default limit. The other options are incorrect because they are not AWS services or tools that provide users with the ability to monitor AWS service quotas. AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables users to track user activity and API usage across their AWS account. AWS Cost and Usage Reports is a tool that enables users to access comprehensive information about their AWS costs and usage. AWS Budgets is a tool that enables users to plan their service usage, costs, and reservations. Reference: [AWS Trusted Advisor FAQs]

 The correct answers are A and C because Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling and resources that are distributed across multiple Availability Zones are AWS services and features that will improve availability and reduce the impact of failures for the web application. Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling is a service that enables users to automatically adjust the number of Amazon EC2 instances in response to changes in demand or performance. Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling helps users to maintain optimal availability and performance of their applications by adding or removing instances as needed. Resources that are distributed across multiple Availability Zones are AWS features that enable users to increase the fault tolerance and resilience of their applications. Availability Zones are isolated locations within an AWS Region that have independent power, cooling, and networking. Users can launch their resources, such as Amazon EC2 instances, in multiple Availability Zones to protect their applications from the failure of a single location. The other options are incorrect because they are not AWS services and features that will improve availability and reduce the impact of failures for the web application. VPC subnet ACLs are AWS features that enable users to control the inbound and outbound traffic to and from their subnets within a VPC. VPC subnet ACLs do not check the health of a service, but rather filter the network traffic based on rules. Configuration of AWS Server Migration Service (AWS SMS) is an AWS service that enables users to migrate their on-premises servers to AWS. Configuration of AWS SMS does not help to move the Amazon EC2 instances to a different AWS Region, but rather to migrate the servers from the source environment to AWS. Resources that are distributed across multiple AWS points of presence are AWS features that enable users to deliver content to their end users with low latency and high performance. AWS points of presence are edge locations that are part of the AWS Global Infrastructure. Users can use services such as Amazon CloudFront and AWS Global Accelerator to distribute their content across multiple AWS points of presence. Reference: Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling, [Regions, Availability Zones, and Local Zones]

The correct answer is B because AWS Artifact is a service that provides access to AWS compliance documentation, such as audit reports, security certifications, and agreements. AWS Artifact allows customers to download, review, and accept the documents that are relevant to their use of AWS services. The other options are incorrect because they are not services that provide access to AWS compliance documentation. Amazon Cloud Directory is a service that enables customers to create flexible cloud-native directories for organizing hierarchies of data. AWS Trusted Advisor is a service that provides real-time guidance to help customers follow AWS best practices for security, performance, cost optimization, and fault tolerance. Amazon Inspector is a service that helps customers find security vulnerabilities and deviations from best practices in their Amazon EC2 instances. Reference: [AWS Artifact FAQs]

 The correct answer is B because AWS Cloud9 is an AWS service that enables users to run their existing custom, nonproduction workloads in the AWS Cloud quickly and cost-effectively. AWS Cloud9 is a cloud-based integrated development environment (IDE) that allows users to write, run, and debug code from a web browser. AWS Cloud9 supports multiple programming languages, such as Python, Java, Node.js, and more. AWS Cloud9 also provides users with a terminal that can access AWS services and resources, such as Amazon EC2 instances, AWS Lambda functions, and AWS CloudFormation stacks. The other options are incorrect because they are not AWS services that enable users to run their existing custom, nonproduction workloads in the AWS Cloud quickly and cost-effectively. AWS CodeBuild is an AWS service that enables users to compile, test, and package their code for deployment. AWS OpsWorks is an AWS service that enables users to configure and manage their applications using Chef or Puppet. AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK) is an AWS service that enables users to define and provision their cloud infrastructure using familiar programming languages, such as TypeScript, Python, Java, and C#. Reference: AWS Cloud9 FAQs

 AWS Lambda is a compute service that lets you run code without provisioning or managing servers. AWS Lambda executes your code only when needed and scales automatically, from a few requests per day to thousands per second. You pay only for the compute time you consume - there is no charge when your code is not running. With AWS Lambda, you can run code for virtually any type of application or backend service - all with zero administration. AWS Lambda runs your code on a high-availability compute infrastructure and performs all of the administration of the compute resources, including server and operating system maintenance, capacity provisioning and automatic scaling, code monitoring and logging

AWS Auto Scaling is the AWS service or tool that will meet the requirements of ensuring that the application can respond to changes in demand at the lowest possible cost. AWS Auto Scaling allows users to automatically adjust the number of Amazon EC2 instances based on the application’s performance and availability needs. AWS Auto Scaling can also optimize costs by helping users select the most cost-effective EC2 instances for their application1

The company should use Amazon RDS with a MySQL database to meet the requirements of moving its workload to AWS so that the tasks of patching the database and taking backup snapshots of the data in the clusters will be completed automatically. Amazon RDS is a managed service that simplifies the setup, operation, and scaling of relational databases in the AWS Cloud. Amazon RDS automates common database administration tasks such as patching, backup, and recovery. Amazon RDS also supports MySQL and other popular database engines5

Amazon S3 is the AWS service that provides highly durable object storage. Amazon S3 is designed to provide 99.999999999% durability of objects over a given year. This means that you can store your data with high confidence that it will not be lost. Amazon S3 also provides high availability, scalability, security, and performance for your data. You can use Amazon S3 to store and retrieve any amount of data, at any time, from anywhere on the web5.

 The correct answer is D because AWS Security Hub is a service that aggregates, organizes, and prioritizes security alerts and findings from multiple AWS services, such as Amazon GuardDuty, Amazon Inspector, Amazon Macie, AWS Firewall Manager, and AWS IAM Access Analyzer. The other options are incorrect because they are not services that aggregate security alerts and findings from multiple AWS services. Amazon Detective is a service that helps users analyze and visualize security data to investigate and remediate potential issues. Amazon Inspector is a service that helps users find security vulnerabilities and deviations from best practices in their Amazon EC2 instances. Amazon Macie is a service that helps users discover, classify, and protect sensitive data stored in Amazon S3. Reference: AWS Security Hub FAQs

 AWS Config is a service that enables users to assess, audit, and evaluate the configurations of AWS resources. It continuously monitors and records the configuration changes of the resources and evaluates them against desired configurations and best practices. It also provides a detailed view of the resource configuration history and relationships, as well as compliance reports and notifications. AWS Config can help users maintain consistent and secure configurations, troubleshoot issues, and simplify compliance auditing. AWS Config OverviewAWS Certified Cloud Practitioner - aws.amazon.com

 The AWS services or features that can control VPC traffic are security groups and network ACLs. Security groups are stateful firewalls that control the inbound and outbound traffic at the instance level. You can assign one or more security groups to each instance in a VPC, and specify the rules that allow or deny traffic based on the protocol, port, and source or destination. Network ACLs are stateless firewalls that control the inbound and outbound traffic at the subnet level. You can associate one network ACL with each subnet in a VPC, and specify the rules that allow or deny traffic based on the protocol, port, and source or destination. AWS Direct Connect, Amazon GuardDuty, and Amazon Connect are not services or features that can control VPC traffic. AWS Direct Connect is a service that establishes a dedicated network connection between your premises and AWS. Amazon GuardDuty is a service that monitors your AWS account and workloads for malicious or unauthorized activity. Amazon Connect is a service that provides a cloud-based contact center solution.

 The correct answer is A because an Availability Zone consists of one or more data centers in a single location. An Availability Zone is an isolated location within an AWS Region that has independent power, cooling, and networking. Each Availability Zone has one or more data centers that host the physical servers and storage devices that run the AWS services. The other options are incorrect because they are not accurate descriptions of an Availability Zone. Two or more data centers in multiple locations are not an Availability Zone, but rather multiple Availability Zones within an AWS Region. One or more physical hosts in a single data center are not an Availability Zone, but rather the components of a data center within an Availability Zone. Two or more physical hosts in multiple data centers are not an Availability Zone, but rather the components of multiple data centers within one or more Availability Zones. Reference: [Regions, Availability Zones, and Local Zones]

The correct answer is B because Application Load Balancer is an AWS load balancer that will meet the requirements and take the least amount of effort to deploy. Application Load Balancer is a type of Elastic Load Balancing that operates at the application layer (layer 7) of the OSI model and routes requests to targets based on the content of the request. Application Load Balancer supports advanced features, such as path-based routing, host-based routing, and HTTP header-based routing. The other options are incorrect because they are not AWS load balancers that will meet the requirements and take the least amount of effort to deploy. Network Load Balancer is a type of Elastic Load Balancing that operates at the transport layer (layer 4) of the OSI model and routes requests to targets based on the destination IP address and port. Network Load Balancer does not support path-based routing. AWS OpsWorks Load Balancer is not an AWS load balancer, but rather a feature of AWS OpsWorks that enables users to attach an Elastic Load Balancing load balancer to a layer of their stack. Custom Load Balancer on Amazon EC2 is not an AWS load balancer, but rather a user-defined load balancer that runs on an Amazon EC2 instance. Custom Load Balancer on Amazon EC2 requires more effort to deploy and maintain than an AWS load balancer. Reference: Elastic Load Balancing

An Availability Zone is one or more discrete data centers with redundant power, networking, and connectivity. Availability Zones are part of the AWS global infrastructure, which consists of AWS Regions, Availability Zones, and edge locations. Availability Zones are physically separate locations within an AWS Region that are engineered to be isolated from failures and connected by low-latency, high-throughput, and highly redundant networking. Each Availability Zone contains one or more data centers that house the servers and storage devices that run AWS services. Availability Zones enable users to design and operate fault-tolerant and high-availability applications on AWS. AWS Global InfrastructureAWS Certified Cloud Practitioner - aws.amazon.com

The correct answer to the question is D because AWS Trusted Advisor is an AWS service that can be used to accomplish the goal of identifying any security group that is allowing unrestricted incoming SSH traffic. AWS Trusted Advisor is a service that provides customers with recommendations that help them follow AWS best practices. Trusted Advisor evaluates the customer’s AWS environment and identifies ways to optimize their AWS infrastructure, improve security and performance, reduce costs, and monitor service quotas. One of the checks that Trusted Advisor performs is the Security Groups - Specific Ports Unrestricted check, which flags security groups that allow unrestricted access to specific ports, such as port 22 for SSH. Customers can use this check to review and modify their security group rules to restrict SSH access to only authorized sources. Reference: Security Groups - Specific Ports Unrestricted

The advantages of moving to the AWS Cloud are the ability to use the pay-as-you-go model and no longer having to guess what capacity will be required. The pay-as-you-go model allows the user to pay only for the resources they use, without any upfront or long-term commitments. This reduces the cost and risk of over-provisioning or under-provisioning resources. No longer having to guess what capacity will be required means that the user can scale their resources up or down according to the demand, without wasting money on idle resources or losing customers due to insufficient capacity4.

Reliability is the cloud concept that this architecture represents. Reliability is the ability of a system to recover from infrastructure or service disruptions, dynamically acquire computing resources to meet demand, and mitigate disruptions such as misconfigurations or transient network issues. Deploying an application to multiple AWS Regions and configuring automatic failover between those Regions enhances the reliability of the application by reducing the impact of regional failures and increasing the availability of the application4

 AWS CloudFormation is a service that gives developers and businesses an easy way to create a collection of related AWS and third-party resources, and provision and manage them in an orderly and predictable fashion. You can use AWS CloudFormation’s sample templates or create your own templates to describe the AWS and third-party resources, and any associated dependencies or runtime parameters, required to run your application.

The statement that is true regarding pricing for these eight instances is: four instances will be charged as RIs, and four will be charged as regular instances. Amazon EC2 Reserved Instances (RIs) are a pricing model that allows users to reserve EC2 instances for a specific term and benefit from discounted hourly rates and capacity reservation. RIs are purchased for a specific AWS Region, and can be shared across multiple accounts in an organization in AWS Organizations for consolidated billing. However, RIs are applied on a first-come, first-served basis, and there is no guarantee that all instances in the organization will be charged at the RI rate. In this case, Account A has purchased five RIs and has four instances running, so all four instances will be charged at the RI rate. Account B has not purchased any RIs and also has four instances running, so all four instances will be charged at the regular rate. The remaining RI in Account A will not be applied to any instance in Account B, and will be wasted.

 Availability Zones contain multiple data centers. This is a characteristic of the AWS global infrastructure, which consists of AWS Regions, Availability Zones, and edge locations. AWS Regions are geographically isolated areas that contain multiple Availability Zones. Availability Zones are physically separate locations within an AWS Region that are engineered to be isolated from failures and connected by low-latency, high-throughput, and highly redundant networking. Each Availability Zone contains one or more data centers that house the servers and storage devices that run AWS services. Edge locations are sites that are located closer to the end users and provide caching and content delivery services. AWS Global InfrastructureAWS Certified Cloud Practitioner - aws.amazon.com

The correct answers are A and B because Service Quotas console and AWS Trusted Advisor are AWS services or tools that can report on the quotas so that the company can improve the reliability of the application. Service Quotas console is an AWS tool that enables users to view and manage their quotas for AWS services from a central location. Users can use Service Quotas console to request quota increases, track quota usage, and set up alarms for approaching quota limits. AWS Trusted Advisor is an AWS service that provides real-time guidance to help users follow AWS best practices for security, performance, cost optimization, and fault tolerance. One of the categories of checks that AWS Trusted Advisor performs is service limits, which monitors the usage of each AWS service and alerts users when they are close to reaching the default limit. The other options are incorrect because they are not AWS services or tools that can report on the quotas so that the company can improve the reliability of the application. AWS Systems Manager is an AWS service that enables users to automate operational tasks, manage configuration and compliance, and monitor system health and performance. AWS Shield is an AWS service that protects users from distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. AWS Cost Explorer is an AWS tool that enables users to visualize, understand, and manage their AWS costs and usage. Reference: Service Quotas, AWS Trusted Advisor FAQs

 Applying security requirements at all layers of a process is a policy that complies with guidance in the security pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework. The security pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework provides best practices for securing the user’s data and systems in the AWS Cloud. One of the design principles of the security pillar is to apply security at all layers, which means that the user should implement defense-in-depth strategies and avoid relying on a single security mechanism. For example, the user should use multiple security controls, such as encryption, firewalls, identity and access management, and logging and monitoring, to protect their data and resources at different layers.

Amazon GuardDuty is a service that provides intelligent threat detection and continuous monitoring for the AWS environment. It analyzes network and account activity using machine learning and threat intelligence to identify potential security threats, such as unauthorized access, compromised credentials, malicious hosts, and reconnaissance activities. It also generates detailed and actionable findings that can be viewed on the AWS Management Console or sent to other AWS services, such as Amazon CloudWatch Events and AWS Lambda, for further analysis or remediation. Amazon GuardDuty OverviewAWS Certified Cloud Practitioner - aws.amazon.com

The correct answer is B because Spot Instances enable the company to optimize costs and meet the requirements. Spot Instances are spare EC2 instances that are available at up to 90% discount compared to On-Demand prices. Spot Instances are suitable for stateless, fault-tolerant, and flexible applications that can run for any duration. The other options are incorrect because they do not enable the company to optimize costs and meet the requirements. Reserved Instances are EC2 instances that are reserved for a specific period of time (one or three years) in exchange for a lower hourly rate. Reserved Instances are suitable for steady-state or predictable workloads that run for a long duration. On-Demand Instances are EC2 instances that are launched and billed at a fixed hourly rate. On-Demand Instances are suitable for short-term, irregular, or unpredictable workloads that cannot be interrupted. Dedicated Instances are EC2 instances that run on hardware that is dedicated to a single customer. Dedicated Instances are suitable for workloads that require regulatory compliance or data isolation. Reference: [Amazon EC2 Instance Purchasing Options]

The design principles that support the reliability pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework are: automatically scale to meet demand, and automatically recover from failure. These principles help users design systems that can handle changes in load, avoid disruptions, and resume normal operations quickly. Automatically scaling to meet demand means adjusting the capacity of the system based on the current and anticipated workload, using services such as AWS Auto Scaling, Amazon EC2, and AWS Lambda. Automatically recovering from failure means detecting and resolving issues, using services such as Amazon CloudWatch, AWS CloudFormation, and AWS CloudTrail

The advantage that users experience when they move on-premises workloads to the AWS Cloud is: elimination of expenses for running and maintaining data centers. By moving on-premises workloads to the AWS Cloud, users can reduce or eliminate the costs associated with owning and operating physical servers, storage, network equipment, and facilities. These costs include hardware purchase, maintenance, repair, power, cooling, security, and staff. Users can also benefit from the pay-as-you-go pricing model of AWS, which allows them to pay only for the resources they use, and scale up or down as needed.

 Amazon Rekognition is a service that provides deep learning-based image and video analysis. One of the benefits of Amazon Rekognition is the ability to detect objects that appear in pictures, such as faces, landmarks, animals, text, and scenes. This can enable applications to perform tasks such as face recognition, face verification, face comparison, face search, celebrity recognition, emotion detection, age range estimation, gender identification, facial analysis, facial expression recognition, and more. Amazon Rekognition OverviewAWS Certified Cloud Practitioner - aws.amazon.com

Management of the guest operating systems is a customer’s responsibility, according to the AWS shared responsibility model. The AWS shared responsibility model defines the different security and compliance responsibilities of AWS and the customer. AWS is responsible for the security of the cloud, which includes the physical infrastructure, hardware, software, and facilities that run the AWS Cloud. The customer is responsible for security in the cloud, which includes the configuration and management of the guest operating systems, applications, data, and network traffic protection

The company can use AWS Organizations to track the combined AWS usage costs of all of its linked accounts. AWS Organizations is a service that enables you to consolidate multiple AWS accounts into an organization that you can manage centrally. You can use AWS Organizations to create a consolidated billing report that shows the charges incurred by each account in your organization as well as the total charges across all accounts. You can also use AWS Organizations to apply policies and controls to your accounts to help you manage costs and security5.

 AWS Trusted Advisor and AWS Compute Optimizer are the AWS services that can provide information to the company about whether its newly imported Amazon EC2 instances are the appropriate size and type. AWS Trusted Advisor is an online tool that provides best practices recommendations in five categories: cost optimization, performance, security, fault tolerance, and service limits. AWS Trusted Advisor can help users identify underutilized or idle EC2 instances, and suggest ways to reduce costs and improve performance. AWS Compute Optimizer is a service that analyzes the configuration and utilization metrics of EC2 instances and delivers recommendations for optimal instance types, sizes, and configurations. AWS Compute Optimizer helps users improve performance, reduce costs, and eliminate underutilized resources

 Security groups and network access control lists (network ACLs) are two AWS network services or features that allow CIDR block notation when providing an IP address range. Security groups act as a firewall for associated Amazon EC2 instances, controlling both inbound and outbound traffic at the instance level. Network ACLs act as a firewall for associated subnets, controlling both inbound and outbound traffic at the subnet level. Both security groups and network ACLs use CIDR block notation to specify the IP address ranges that are allowed or denied

The correct answer is A because Amazon CloudFront is an AWS service that provides secure delivery of data, videos, applications, and APIs to users globally with low latency and high transfer speeds. Amazon CloudFront is a fast content delivery network (CDN) that integrates with other AWS services, such as Amazon S3, Amazon EC2, AWS Lambda, and AWS Shield. Amazon CloudFront delivers content through a worldwide network of edge locations that are located close to the end users. The other options are incorrect because they are not AWS services that provide secure delivery of data, videos, applications, and APIs to users globally with low latency and high transfer speeds. Elastic Load Balancing is an AWS service that distributes incoming traffic across multiple targets, such as Amazon EC2 instances, containers, and IP addresses. Amazon S3 is an AWS service that provides object storage for data of any size and type. Amazon Elastic Transcoder is an AWS service that converts media files from their original source format into different formats that will play on various devices. Reference: Amazon CloudFront FAQs

 The AWS service that the company should use for the data warehouse is Amazon Redshift. Amazon Redshift is a fully managed, petabyte-scale data warehouse service that is optimized for analytical queries. It can integrate with various data sources and business intelligence tools to provide fast and cost-effective insights. Amazon Redshift also offers high availability, scalability, security, and compliance features. [Amazon Redshift Overview]

The correct answer is C because AWS Cloud computing allows customers to trade fixed expenses for variable expenses. This means that customers only pay for the resources they use, and can scale up or down as needed. The other options are incorrect because they are not advantages of AWS Cloud computing. Trade security for elasticity means that customers have to compromise on the protection of their data and applications in order to adjust their capacity quickly. Trade operational excellence for agility means that customers have to sacrifice the quality and reliability of their operations in order to respond to changing needs faster. Trade elasticity for performance means that customers have to limit their ability to scale up or down in order to achieve higher speed and efficiency. Reference: What is Cloud Computing?

AWS WAF is the AWS service or feature that offers HTTP attack protection to users running public-facing web applications. AWS WAF is a web application firewall that helps users protect their web applications from common web exploits, such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting, and bot attacks. Users can create custom rules to define the web traffic that they want to allow, block, or count. Users can also use AWS Managed Rules, which are pre-configured rules that are curated and maintained by AWS or AWS Marketplace Sellers. AWS WAF can be integrated with other AWS services, such as Amazon CloudFront, Amazon API Gateway, and Application Load Balancer, to provide comprehensive security for web applications. [AWS WAF Overview] AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner - aws.amazon.com

The correct answers are B and C because they are advantages of the AWS Cloud. High economies of scale means that AWS can achieve lower variable costs than customers can get on their own. Launch globally in minutes means that AWS has a global infrastructure that allows customers to deploy their applications and data across multiple regions and availability zones. The other options are incorrect because they are not advantages of the AWS Cloud. Trade variable expenses for capital expenses means that customers have to invest heavily in data centers and servers before they know how they will use them. Focus on managing hardware infrastructure means that customers have to spend time and money on maintaining and upgrading their physical resources. Overprovision to ensure capacity means that customers have to pay for more resources than they actually need to avoid performance issues. Reference: What is Cloud Computing?

An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a deployable Amazon EC2 instance template that is prepackaged with software and security requirements. It provides the information required to launch an instance, which is a virtual server in the cloud. You can use an AMI to launch as many instances as you need. You can also create your own custom AMIs or use AMIs shared by other AWS users1.

The pillar of the AWS Well-Architected Framework that is supported by the goals of protecting AWS Cloud information, systems, and assets while performing risk assessment and mitigation tasks is security. Security is the ability to protect information, systems, and assets while delivering business value through risk assessments and mitigation strategies. The security pillar covers topics such as identity and access management, data protection, infrastructure protection, detective controls, incident response, and compliance

Designing for automatic failover to healthy resources is an AWS best practice when designing AWS workloads to be operational even when there are component failures. This means that you should architect your system to handle the loss of one or more components without impacting the availability or performance of your application. You can use various AWS services and features to achieve this, such as Auto Scaling, Elastic Load Balancing, Amazon Route 53, Amazon CloudFormation, and AWS CloudFormation4.

The costs that the company will eliminate with this migration are the cost of application licensing and the cost of physical server hardware. The cost of application licensing is the fee that the company has to pay to use the software applications on its on-premises servers. The cost of physical server hardware is the expense that the company has to incur to purchase, maintain, and upgrade the servers and related equipment. By migrating to the AWS Cloud, the company can avoid these costs by using the AWS services and resources that are already licensed and managed by AWS. For more information, see [Cloud Economics] and [AWS Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Calculator].

 Designing loosely coupled components is a design principle that should be considered when architecting in the AWS Cloud. Loose coupling is a way of designing systems to reduce interdependencies and minimize the impact of changes. Loose coupling allows components to interact with each other through well-defined interfaces, rather than direct references. This reduces the risk of failures and errors propagating across the system, and enables greater scalability, availability, and maintainability5.

AWS Storage Gateway file gateway allows companies to use protocols such as NFS and SMB to store and retrieve objects in Amazon S3. File gateway provides a seamless integration between on-premises applications and Amazon S3, and enables low-latency access to data through local caching. File gateway also supports encryption, compression, and lifecycle management of the objects in Amazon S3. For more information, see What is AWS Storage Gateway? and File Gateway.

AWS Pricing Calculator is a web-based planning tool that customers can use to create estimates for their AWS use cases. They can use it to model their solutions before building them, explore the AWS service price points, and review the calculations behind their estimates. Therefore, the correct answer is A. You can learn more about AWS Pricing Calculator and how it works.

Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) is the AWS service or feature that is used to send both text and email messages from distributed applications. Amazon SNS is a fully managed pub/sub messaging service that enables the user to send messages to multiple subscribers or endpoints, such as email addresses, phone numbers, HTTP endpoints, AWS Lambda functions, and more. Amazon SNS can be used to send notifications, alerts, confirmations, and reminders from applications to users or other applications4.

 EFS Standard-Infrequent Access (EFS Standard-IA) is the storage class that meets the requirements of storing data across multiple Availability Zones in an AWS Region, that will not be accessed regularly but must be immediately retrievable, most cost-effectively. EFS Standard-IA is designed for files that are accessed less frequently, but still require the same high performance, low latency, and high availability as EFS Standard. EFS Standard-IA has a lower storage cost than EFS Standard, but charges a small additional fee for each access. EFS One Zone and EFS One Zone-IA store data in a single Availability Zone, which reduces the availability and durability compared to EFS Standard and EFS Standard-IA.

Creating an IAM role with the required permissions and attaching the role to the EC2 instance is the most operationally efficient solution to delegate permissions. An IAM role is an entity that defines a set of permissions for making AWS service requests. An IAM role can be assumed by an EC2 instance to access other AWS resources, such as Amazon S3 and Amazon DynamoDB, without having to store any credentials on the instance. This solution is more secure and scalable than using IAM users and their access keys. For more information, see [IAM Roles for Amazon EC2] and [Using an IAM Role to Grant Permissions to Applications Running on Amazon EC2 Instances].

 The correct answer is D because cost allocation tags are a way to track the infrastructure costs for each of the projects separately. Cost allocation tags are key-value pairs that can be attached to AWS resources, such as EC2 instances, and used to categorize and group them for billing purposes. The other options are incorrect because they do not meet the requirements of the question. Use a different EC2 instance type for each project does not help to track the costs for each project, and may impact the performance and compatibility of the applications. Publish project-specific custom Amazon CloudWatch metrics for each application does not help to track the costs for each project, and may incur additional charges for using CloudWatch. Deploy EC2 instances for each project in a separate AWS account does help to track the costs for each project, but it impacts the existing infrastructure and incurs additional charges for using multiple accounts. Reference: Using Cost Allocation Tags

Economies of scale is the advantage of AWS Cloud computing that minimizes variable costs. Economies of scale refers to the reduction in the cost per unit as the output increases. AWS Cloud computing leverages economies of scale by providing a large pool of shared resources that can be accessed on demand and paid for as needed. AWS Cloud computing also passes the cost savings to the customers by offering lower prices and discounts. For more information, see Economies of Scale and AWS Pricing.

 The correct answer is B because AWS IAM policies can be used to control administrative access to the Amazon RDS service. The other options are incorrect because they are the responsibilities of AWS, not the company that is using Amazon RDS. AWS manages the provisioning, cabling, installation, and patching of the underlying infrastructure for Amazon RDS. Reference: Amazon RDS FAQs

 Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) is a service that provides fully managed relational database engines. Amazon RDS supports several database engines, including Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB, SQL Server, and Amazon Aurora. Amazon RDS can be used to migrate an application that includes an Oracle database to AWS without rewriting the application, as long as the application is compatible with the Oracle version and edition supported by Amazon RDS. Amazon RDS can also provide benefits such as high availability, scalability, security, backup and restore, and performance optimization. [Amazon RDS Overview] AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner - aws.amazon.com

 The correct answers are B and E because AWS Online Tech Talks and AWS Classroom Training are options that AWS makes available for customers who want to learn about security in the cloud in an instructor-led setting. AWS Online Tech Talks are live, online presentations that cover a broad range of topics at varying technical levels. AWS Online Tech Talks are delivered by AWS experts and feature live Q&A sessions with the audience. AWS Classroom Training are in-person or virtual courses that are led by accredited AWS instructors. AWS Classroom Training offer hands-on labs, exercises, and best practices to help customers gain confidence and skills on AWS. The other options are incorrect because they are not options that AWS makes available for customers who want to learn about security in the cloud in an instructor-led setting. AWS Trusted Advisor is an AWS service that provides real-time guidance to help customers follow AWS best practices for security, performance, cost optimization, and fault tolerance. AWS Blog is an AWS resource that provides news, announcements, and insights from AWS experts and customers. AWS Forums are AWS resources that enable customers to interact with other AWS users and get feedback and support. Reference: AWS Online Tech Talks, AWS Classroom Training

The correct answer is A because Amazon AppStream 2.0 is a service that will help the company deploy the application without investing in backend infrastructure or high end client hardware. Amazon AppStream 2.0 is a fully managed, secure application streaming service that allows customers to stream desktop applications from AWS to any device running a web browser. Amazon AppStream 2.0 handles the provisioning, scaling, patching, and maintenance of the backend infrastructure, and delivers high performance and responsive user experience. The other options are incorrect because they are not services that will help the company deploy the application without investing in backend infrastructure or high end client hardware. AWS AppSync is a service that enables customers to create flexible APIs for synchronizing data across multiple data sources. Amazon WorkLink is a service that enables customers to provide secure, one-click access to internal websites and web apps from mobile devices. AWS Elastic Beanstalk is a service that enables customers to deploy and manage web applications using popular platforms such as Java, .NET, PHP, and Node.js. Reference: [Amazon AppStream 2.0 FAQs]

 Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) is a solution that meets the requirements of deploying and managing a Docker-based application on AWS with the least amount of operational overhead. Amazon ECS is a fully managed container orchestration service that makes it easy to run, scale, and secure Docker container applications on AWS. Amazon ECS eliminates the need for you to install, operate, and scale your own cluster management infrastructure. With simple API calls, you can launch and stop container-enabled applications, query the complete state of your cluster, and access many familiar features like security groups, Elastic Load Balancing, EBS volumes, and IAM roles3.

The correct answers to the questions are B and E because reliability and operational excellence are pillars of the AWS Well-Architected Framework. The AWS Well-Architected Framework is a set of best practices and guidelines for designing and operating reliable, secure, efficient, and cost-effective systems in the cloud. The AWS Well-Architected Framework consists of five pillars: operational excellence, security, reliability, performance efficiency, and cost optimization. Each pillar has a set of design principles that describe the characteristics of a well-architected system. Reliability is the pillar that focuses on the ability of a system to recover from failures and meet business and customer demand. Operational excellence is the pillar that focuses on the ability of a system to run and monitor processes that support business outcomes and continually improve. The other options are incorrect because they are not pillars of the AWS Well-Architected Framework. Availability, scalability, and responsive design are important aspects of cloud architecture, but they are not separate pillars in the framework. Availability and scalability are related to the reliability and performance efficiency pillars, while responsive design is related to the customer experience and user interface. Reference: AWS Well-Architected Framework

Some of the advantages of using Amazon EC2 instances to host applications in the AWS Cloud instead of on premises are:

EC2 integrates with Amazon VPC, AWS CloudTrail, and AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM). Amazon VPC lets you provision a logically isolated section of the AWS Cloud where you can launch AWS resources in a virtual network that you define. AWS CloudTrail enables governance, compliance, operational auditing, and risk auditing of your AWS account. AWS IAM enables you to manage access to AWS services and resources securely. Therefore, the correct answer is B. You can learn more about Amazon EC2 and its integration with other AWS services

EC2 has a flexible, pay-as-you-go pricing model. You only pay for the compute capacity you use, and you can scale up and down as needed. You can also choose from different pricing options, such as On-Demand, Savings Plans, Reserved Instances, and Spot Instances, to optimize your costs. Therefore, the correct answer is D. You can learn more about Amazon EC2 pricing

The other options are incorrect because:

EC2 does not include operating system patch management. You are responsible for managing and maintaining your own operating systems on EC2 instances. You can use AWS Systems Manager to automate common maintenance tasks, such as applying patches, or use Amazon EC2 Image Builder to create and maintain secure images. Therefore, the incorrect answer is A.

EC2 does not have a 100% service level agreement (SLA). The EC2 SLA guarantees 99.99% availability for each EC2 Region, not for each individual instance. Therefore, the incorrect answer is C.

EC2 does not have automatic storage cost optimization. You are responsible for choosing the right storage option for your EC2 instances, such as Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) or Amazon Elastic File System (EFS), and monitoring and optimizing your storage costs. You can use AWS Cost Explorer or AWS Trusted Advisor to analyze and reduce your storage spending. Therefore, the incorrect answer is E.

 The correct answer is B because AWS CloudTrail is an AWS service that a cloud engineer can use to view API calls to AWS services. AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables customers to track user activity and API usage across their AWS account. AWS CloudTrail records the details of every API call made to AWS services, such as the identity of the caller, the time of the call, the source IP address of the caller, the parameters and responses of the call, and more. Customers can use AWS CloudTrail to audit, monitor, and troubleshoot their AWS resources and actions. The other options are incorrect because they are not AWS services that a cloud engineer can use to view API calls to AWS services. Amazon CloudWatch is an AWS service that enables customers to collect, analyze, and visualize metrics, logs, and events from their AWS resources and applications. AWS Config is an AWS service that enables customers to assess, audit, and evaluate the configurations of their AWS resources. AWS Artifact is an AWS service that provides customers with on-demand access to AWS compliance reports and select online agreements. Reference: AWS CloudTrail FAQs

 AWS manages the encryption of the database clusters and database snapshots for Amazon Aurora, as well as the encryption keys. This is part of the AWS shared responsibility model, where AWS is responsible for the security of the cloud, and the customer is responsible for the security in the cloud. Encryption is one of the security features that AWS provides to protect the data at rest and in transit. For more information, see Amazon Aurora FAQs and AWS Shared Responsibility Model.

The design principles for reliability in the AWS Cloud are:

Test recovery procedures. The best way to ensure that systems can recover from failures is to regularly test them using simulated scenarios. This can help identify gaps and improve the recovery process.

Automatically recover from failure. By using automation, systems can detect and correct failures without human intervention. This can reduce the impact and duration of failures and improve the availability of the system.

Scale horizontally to increase aggregate system availability. By adding more redundant resources to the system, the impact of individual resource failures can be reduced. This can also improve the performance and scalability of the system.

Stop guessing capacity. By using monitoring and automation, systems can adjust the capacity based on the demand and performance metrics. This can prevent failures due to insufficient or excessive capacity and optimize the cost and efficiency of the system.

Manage change in automation. By using automation, changes to the system can be applied in a consistent and controlled manner. This can reduce the risk of human errors and configuration drifts that can cause failures. AWS Well-Architected Framework

 An AWS Region is a specific location within a geographic area that provides high availability. An AWS Region consists of two or more Availability Zones, which are isolated locations within the same Region. Each Availability Zone has independent power, cooling, and physical security, and is connected to the other Availability Zones in the same Region by low-latency, high-throughput, and highly redundant networking. AWS services are available in multiple Regions around the world, allowing the user to choose where to run their applications and store their data1.

The correct answer is B because placing the EC2 instances in two separate Availability Zones within the same AWS Region is the best way to meet the requirement. Availability Zones are isolated locations within an AWS Region that have independent power, cooling, and networking. Users can launch their resources, such as Amazon EC2 instances, in multiple Availability Zones to increase the fault tolerance and resilience of their applications. Availability Zones within the same AWS Region are connected with low-latency, high-throughput, and highly redundant networking. The other options are incorrect because they are not the best ways to meet the requirement. Placing the EC2 instances in two separate AWS Regions connected with a VPC peering connection is not the best way to meet the requirement because AWS Regions are geographically dispersed and may have higher communication latency between them than Availability Zones within the same AWS Region. VPC peering connection is a networking connection between two VPCs that enables users to route traffic between them using private IP addresses. Placing one EC2 instance on premises and the other in an AWS Region, and then connecting them by using an AWS VPN connection is not the best way to meet the requirement because on-premises and AWS Region are geographically dispersed and may have higher communication latency between them than Availability Zones within the same AWS Region. AWS VPN connection is a secure and encrypted connection between a user’s network and their VPC. Placing both EC2 instances in a placement group for dedicated bandwidth is not the best way to meet the requirement because a placement group is a logical grouping of instances within a single Availability Zone that enables users to launch instances with specific performance characteristics. A placement group does not ensure that the instances are in separate data centers, and it does not provide low-latency communication between instances in different Availability Zones. Reference: [Regions, Availability Zones, and Local Zones], [VPC Peering], [AWS VPN], [Placement Groups]

 Resource elasticity is an AWS value proposition that describes a user’s ability to scale infrastructure based on demand. Resource elasticity means that the user can provision or deprovision resources quickly and easily, without any upfront commitment or long-term contract. Resource elasticity can help the user optimize the cost and performance of the application, as well as respond to changing business needs and customer expectations. Resource elasticity can be achieved by using services such as Amazon EC2, Amazon S3, Amazon RDS, Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon ECS, and AWS Lambda. [AWS Cloud Value Framework] AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner - aws.amazon.com

Rightsizing is the cloud concept that this analysis demonstrates. Rightsizing is the process of optimizing the performance and cost of your AWS resources by selecting the most appropriate type, size, and configuration based on your workload requirements and usage patterns. Rightsizing can help you achieve potential cost savings by reducing the over-provisioning or under-utilization of your resources. You can use various AWS tools and services, such as AWS Cost Explorer, AWS Compute Optimizer, and AWS Trusted Advisor, to analyze your resource utilization and performance metrics, and receive recommendations for rightsizing.

 Amazon Personalize is a fully managed machine learning service that customers can use to generate personalized recommendations for their users. It can also generate user segments based on the users’ affinity for certain items or item metadata. Amazon Personalize uses the customers’ data to train and deploy custom recommendation models that can be integrated into their applications. Therefore, the correct answer is B. You can learn more about Amazon Personalize and its use case.

Amazon Inspector is an automated security assessment service that helps improve the security and compliance of applications deployed on AWS. Amazon Inspector automatically assesses applications for exposure, vulnerabilities, and deviations from best practices. After performing an assessment, Amazon Inspector produces a detailed list of security findings prioritized by level of severity2.

 The correct answer is C because VPC Flow Logs is an AWS service or feature that captures information about the network traffic to and from an Amazon EC2 instance. VPC Flow Logs is a feature that enables customers to capture information about the IP traffic going to and from network interfaces in their VPC. VPC Flow Logs can help customers to monitor and troubleshoot connectivity issues, such as traffic not reaching an instance or traffic being rejected by a security group. The other options are incorrect because they are not AWS services or features that capture information about the network traffic to and from an Amazon EC2 instance. VPC Reachability Analyzer is an AWS service or feature that enables customers to perform connectivity testing between resources in their VPC and identify configuration issues that prevent connectivity. Amazon Athena is an AWS service that enables customers to query data stored in Amazon S3 using standard SQL. AWS X-Ray is an AWS service that enables customers to analyze and debug distributed applications, such as those built using a microservices architecture. Reference: VPC Flow Logs

 Amazon Redshift is a fully managed, petabyte-scale data warehouse service in the cloud. You can start with just a few hundred gigabytes of data and scale to a petabyte or more. This enables you to use your data to acquire new insights for your business and customers. Amazon Redshift is designed for complex analytical queries that often involve aggregations and joins across very large tables. Amazon Redshift supports standard SQL and integrates with many existing business intelligence tools1.

The Amazon S3 Intelligent-Tiering storage class offers automatic cost savings by moving objects between tiers based on access pattern changes. This storage class is designed for data with unknown or changing access patterns. It has two access tiers: frequent access and infrequent access. Objects are stored in the frequent access tier by default, and are moved to the infrequent access tier after 30 consecutive days of no access. If an object in the infrequent access tier is accessed, it is moved back to the frequent access tier. There are no retrieval fees in S3 Intelligent-Tiering, and no additional tiering fees when objects are moved between access tiers within the S3 Intelligent-Tiering storage class1.

AWS is responsible for decommissioning end-of-life underlying storage devices that are used to host data on AWS. AWS follows strict and audited data destruction processes to ensure that customer data is not exposed to unauthorized individuals or devices when an AWS storage device reaches the end of its useful life. AWS uses techniques detailed in DoD 5220.22-M (“National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual”) or NIST 800-88 (“Guidelines for Media Sanitization”) to destroy data as part of the decommissioning process3.

The correct answer is C because AWS CloudTrail is a service that will help a company identify the user who deleted an Amazon EC2 instance yesterday. AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables users to track user activity and API usage across their AWS account. AWS CloudTrail records the details of every API call made to AWS services, such as the identity of the caller, the time of the call, the source IP address of the caller, the parameters and responses of the call, and more. Users can use AWS CloudTrail to audit, monitor, and troubleshoot their AWS resources and actions. The other options are incorrect because they are not services that will help a company identify the user who deleted an Amazon EC2 instance yesterday. Amazon CloudWatch is a service that enables users to collect, analyze, and visualize metrics, logs, and events from their AWS resources and applications. AWS Trusted Advisor is a service that provides real-time guidance to help users follow AWS best practices for security, performance, cost optimization, and fault tolerance. Amazon Inspector is a service that helps users find security vulnerabilities and deviations from best practices in their Amazon EC2 instances. Reference: AWS CloudTrail FAQs

 Security groups are the service or feature that meets the requirement of establishing a security layer in a VPC that will act as a firewall to control subnet traffic. Security groups are stateful firewalls that control the inbound and outbound traffic at the instance level. You can assign one or more security groups to each instance in a VPC, and specify the rules that allow or deny traffic based on the protocol, port, and source or destination. Security groups are associated with network interfaces, and therefore apply to all the instances in the subnets that use those network interfaces. Routing tables are used to direct traffic between subnets and gateways, not to filter traffic. Network ACLs are stateless firewalls that control the inbound and outbound traffic at the subnet level, but they are less granular and more cumbersome to manage than security groups. Amazon GuardDuty is a threat detection service that monitors your AWS account and workloads for malicious or unauthorized activity, not a firewall service.

The correct answer is C because Dedicated Hosts are Amazon EC2 instances that are required when a user wants to utilize their existing per-socket, per-core, or per-virtual machine software licenses for a Microsoft Windows server running on AWS. Dedicated Hosts are physical servers that are dedicated to a single customer. Dedicated Hosts allow customers to use their existing server-bound software licenses, such as Windows Server, SQL Server, and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, subject to their license terms. The other options are incorrect because they are not Amazon EC2 instances that are required when a user wants to utilize their existing per-socket, per-core, or per-virtual machine software licenses for a Microsoft Windows server running on AWS. Spot Instances are spare Amazon EC2 instances that are available at up to 90% discount compared to On-Demand prices. Spot Instances are suitable for stateless, fault-tolerant, and flexible workloads that can recover from interruptions easily. Dedicated Instances are Amazon EC2 instances that run on hardware that is dedicated to a single customer, but not to a specific physical server. Dedicated Instances do not allow customers to use their existing server-bound software licenses. Reserved Instances are Amazon EC2 instances that are reserved for a specific period of time (one or three years) in exchange for a lower hourly rate. Reserved Instances are suitable for steady-state or predictable workloads that run for a long duration. Reserved Instances do not allow customers to use their existing server-bound software licenses. Reference: Dedicated Hosts, Amazon EC2 Instance Purchasing Options

The correct answer is C because Amazon QuickSight is an AWS service that will provide the dashboards and charts for the insights from business data. Amazon QuickSight is a fully managed, scalable, and serverless business intelligence service that enables users to create and share interactive dashboards and charts. Amazon QuickSight can connect to various data sources, such as Amazon S3, Amazon RDS, Amazon Redshift, and more. Amazon QuickSight also provides users with machine learning insights, such as anomaly detection, forecasting, and natural language narratives. The other options are incorrect because they are not AWS services that will provide the dashboards and charts for the insights from business data. Amazon Macie is an AWS service that helps users discover, classify, and protect sensitive data stored in Amazon S3. Amazon Aurora is an AWS service that provides a relational database that is compatible with MySQL and PostgreSQL. AWS CloudTrail is an AWS service that enables users to track user activity and API usage across their AWS account. Reference: Amazon QuickSight FAQs

Amazon Route 53 is a highly available and scalable DNS web service. It is designed to give developers and businesses an extremely reliable and cost-effective way to route end users to Internet applications by translating domain names into the numeric IP addresses that computers use to connect to each other2. Amazon Route 53 also offers other features such as health checks, traffic management, domain name registration, and DNSSEC3.

 The correct answer is C because Amazon Cognito provides identity federation and user authentication for web and mobile applications. Amazon Cognito allows users to sign in with their social media, email, or online shopping accounts. The other options are incorrect because they do not provide identity federation or user authentication. AWS IAM Identity Center (AWS Single Sign-On) is a service that enables users to access multiple AWS accounts and applications with a single sign-on experience. AWS Config is a service that enables users to assess, audit, and evaluate the configurations of their AWS resources. AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a service that enables users to manage access to AWS resources using users, groups, roles, and policies. Reference: Amazon Cognito FAQs

The correct answer is D because AWS Enterprise Support is the support plan that provides customers with access to an AWS technical account manager (TAM). AWS Enterprise Support is the highest level of support plan offered by AWS, and it provides customers with the most comprehensive and personalized support experience. An AWS TAM is a dedicated technical resource who works closely with customers to understand their business and technical needs, provide proactive guidance, and coordinate support across AWS teams. The other options are incorrect because they are not support plans that provide customers with access to an AWS TAM. AWS Basic Support is the default and free support plan that provides customers with access to online documentation, forums, and account information. AWS Developer Support is the lowest level of paid support plan that provides customers with access to technical support during business hours, general guidance, and best practice recommendations. AWS Business Support is the intermediate level of paid support plan that provides customers with access to technical support 24/7, system health checks, architectural guidance, and case management. Reference: AWS Support Plans

Amazon DynamoDB is a key-value and document database that delivers single-digit millisecond performance at any scale. It is a fully managed, serverless database that does not require provisioning, patching, or backup. It offers built-in security, backup and restore, and in-memory caching3. Amazon RDS is a relational database service that makes it easy to set up, operate, and scale a relational database in the cloud. It provides cost-efficient and resizable capacity while automating time-consuming administration tasks such as hardware provisioning, database setup, patching, and backups. However, it is not a key-value NoSQL database, and it is not serverless, as it requires you to choose an instance type and size4. Amazon Aurora is a MySQL and PostgreSQL-compatible relational database built for the cloud, that combines the performance and availability of traditional enterprise databases with the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of open source databases. However, it is also not a key-value NoSQL database, and it is not serverless, as it requires you to choose an instance type and size. Amazon MemoryDB for Redis is a Redis-compatible, durable, in-memory database service that delivers ultra-fast performance and multi-AZ reliability for the most demanding applications. However, it is also not a key-value NoSQL database, and it is not serverless, as it requires you to choose a node type and size.

AWS CloudFormation allows developers to create, manage, and deploy AWS resources using templates, ensuring a standardized and repeatable infrastructure setup. It’s ideal for setting up development, test, and production environments consistently. AWS Cloud Map, CloudFront, and CloudTrail do not provide templated infrastructure management capabilities.

AWS re:Post is a no-cost platform for AWS users to join community groups, ask questions, find answers, and read community-generated articles about best practices. AWS re:Post is a social media platform that connects AWS users with each other and with AWS experts. Users can create posts, comment on posts, follow topics, and join groups related to AWS services, solutions, and use cases. AWS re:Post also features live event feeds, community stories, and AWS Hero profiles. AWS re:Post is a great way to learn from the AWS community, share your knowledge, and get inspired. References:

AWS re:Post

Join the Conversation

AWS App Runner is a fully managed service that makes it easy for developers to quickly deploy containerized web applications and APIs at scale. It can automatically build container images from source code or directly from a container registry, and then deploy the application without requiring deep container knowledge or expertise.

AWS App Runner meets the requirements of:

Automatically creating container images from source code.

Managing the deployment of the containerized application with minimal operational overhead.

Why other options are not suitable:

A. AWS Elastic Beanstalk: While it simplifies deploying and scaling web applications, it does not automatically create container images from source code.

B. Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS): ECS is a container orchestration service that requires more manual setup for creating and managing container images and deployments.

D. Amazon EC2: This service provides virtual servers but does not offer managed container image creation or deployment.

References:

AWS App Runner Documentation

The AWS Cloud Adoption Framework (AWS CAF) cloud transformation journey is a four-phase process that helps customers plan and execute their cloud migration and digital transformation. The four phases are:

Envision phase: This phase focuses on demonstrating how cloud will help accelerate the business outcomes of the customer. It involves identifying and prioritizing transformation opportunities across four domains: business, people, governance, and platform. It also involves associating the transformation initiatives with key stakeholders and measurable business outcomes1.

Align phase: This phase focuses on identifying capability gaps across six perspectives: business, people, governance, platform, security, and operations. It also involves identifying cross-organizational dependencies and surfacing stakeholder concerns and challenges. The goal of this phase is to create strategies for improving the cloud readiness, ensure stakeholder alignment, and facilitate relevant organizational change management activities1.

Launch phase: This phase focuses on delivering pilot initiatives in production and demonstrating incremental business value. Pilots should be highly impactful and influence future direction. The customer should learn from the pilots and adjust their approach before scaling to full production1.

Scale phase: This phase focuses on expanding production pilots and business value to the desired scale and ensuring that the business benefits associated with the cloud investments are realized and sustained1.

AWS Application Discovery Service is a service that helps you plan your migration to the AWS Cloud by collecting usage and configuration data about your on-premises servers and databases. This data includes information such as the hostname, IP address, and MAC address of each server, as well as the performance metrics, network connections, and processes running on them. You can use AWS Application Discovery Service to discover your on-premises inventory, map the dependencies between servers and applications, and estimate the cost and effort of migrating to AWS. You can also export the data to other AWS services, such as AWS Migration Hub and AWS Database Migration Service, to support your migration tasks. AWS Application Discovery Service offers two ways of performing discovery: agentless discovery and agent-based discovery. Agentless discovery uses a virtual appliance that you deploy on your VMware vCenter to collect data from your virtual machines and hosts. Agent-based discovery uses an agent that you install on each of your physical or virtual servers to collect data. You can choose the method that best suits your environment and needs. AWS DataSync is a service that helps you transfer data between your on-premises storage and AWS storage services, such as Amazon S3, Amazon EFS, and Amazon FSx for Windows File Server. AWS DataSync does not collect information about your on-premises infrastructure, but rather focuses on optimizing the data transfer speed, security, and reliability. AWS Application Migration Service is a service that helps you migrate your applications from your on-premises or cloud environment to AWS without making any changes to the applications, their architecture, or the migrated servers. AWS Application Migration Service does not collect information about your on-premises infrastructure, but rather uses a lightweight agent to replicate your servers as Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) and launch them as EC2 instances on AWS. AWS Database Migration Service is a service that helps you migrate your databases from your on-premises or cloud environment to AWS, either as a one-time migration or as a continuous replication. AWS Database Migration Service does not collect information about your on-premises infrastructure, but rather uses a source and a target endpoint to connect to your databases and transfer the data. References: AWS Application Discovery Service, AWS DataSync, AWS Application Migration Service, [AWS Database Migration Service]

Amazon CloudFront is a content delivery network (CDN) that uses edge locations to cache content closer to users, reducing latency and improving performance. It supports the delivery of web content, such as videos and images, by caching copies at edge locations around the world. Amazon Kinesis, SQS, and Route 53 do not utilize edge locations for content caching.

Understanding High Availability: High availability (HA) refers to systems that are durable and likely to operate continuously without failure for a long time. HA ensures that an architecture can withstand failures with minimal downtime.

Importance of High Availability:

Redundancy: Systems are designed with redundancy to prevent single points of failure.

Fault Tolerance: Ensures that failures do not result in significant downtime, maintaining service continuity.

Automated Recovery: Utilizes automated recovery mechanisms to quickly restore services in the event of a failure.

AWS Services for High Availability:

Multi-AZ Deployments: Services like RDS, DynamoDB, and others support Multi-AZ deployments for fault tolerance.

Elastic Load Balancing: Distributes traffic across multiple instances or availability zones to ensure no single point of failure.

Auto Scaling: Automatically adjusts the number of instances based on demand, ensuring availability even during traffic spikes.

References:

AWS Well-Architected Framework: Reliability

AWS Outposts is an AWS service that extends AWS infrastructure, services, APIs, and tools to virtually any datacenter, co-location space, or on-premises facility. AWS Outposts enables you to run Amazon EC2 instances and other AWS services locally, while maintaining a consistent and seamless connection to the AWS Cloud. AWS Outposts is ideal for workloads that require low latency, local data processing, or data residency. By using AWS Outposts, the company can process personally identifiable information (PII) and keep data in the country where it was generated, while leveraging the benefits of AWS

AWS Storage Gateway is a hybrid cloud storage service that provides on-premises access to virtually unlimited cloud storage. The File Gateway configuration allows for on-premises applications to store data in Amazon S3 using NFS and SMB protocols, while keeping frequently accessed data cached locally. This meets the company's requirement for cloud-based storage that is locally cached.

B. AWS Snowcone: Incorrect, as it is a portable edge computing and storage device, not a storage service that provides local caching for cloud storage.

C. AWS Backup: Incorrect, as it is a centralized backup service to automate data protection across AWS services but does not provide local caching.

D. Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS): Incorrect, as it provides scalable file storage for use with Amazon EC2 but does not offer local caching for on-premises storage needs.

AWS Cloud References:

AWS Storage Gateway

AWS Direct Connect is a service that provides a dedicated network connection from on premises to the AWS Cloud. It can reduce network costs, increase bandwidth throughput, and provide a more consistent network experience than internet-based connections. It can also provide low latency for applications that require real-time data transfer4. Amazon VPC is a service that provides a logically isolated section of the AWS Cloud where users can launch AWS resources in a virtual network that they define. Amazon Kinesis Data Streams is a service that provides a scalable and durable stream of data records for real-time data processing. Amazon OpenSearch Service is a service that provides a fully managed, scalable, and secure search and analytics solution that is compatible with Elasticsearch.

Amazon Route 53 is a scalable Domain Name System (DNS) web service that routes end-user requests to infrastructure running in AWS. It is specifically designed to host domain names and manage DNS records, making it the ideal service for hosting the domain name of a public website. AWS Lambda, CloudFront, and Direct Connect serve different functions and are not DNS hosting services.

The AWS Well-Architected Framework is a set of six pillars and lenses that help cloud architects design and run workloads in the cloud. The six pillars are: operational excellence, security, reliability, performance efficiency, cost optimization, and sustainability. Each pillar has a set of design principles and best practices that guide the architectural decisions. High availability is not a separate pillar, but a quality that can be achieved by applying the principles of the reliability pillar. Going global in minutes and continuous development are not pillars of the framework, but possible benefits of using AWS services and following the framework’s recommendations. References: AWS Well-Architected - Build secure, efficient cloud applications, AWS Well-Architected Framework, The 6 Pillars of the AWS Well-Architected Framework

A VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) in AWS is a logically isolated network that you define in the AWS Cloud. Within a VPC, you can create subnets, route tables, network gateways, and more.

D. Internet Gateway: An internet gateway is a component that allows communication between resources in a VPC and the internet.

E. Subnet: A subnet is a range of IP addresses in your VPC. Subnets can be public or private and are essential for organizing resources within a VPC.

Why other options are not suitable:

A. Amazon API Gateway: Used for creating and managing APIs, not a direct component of a VPC.

B. Amazon S3 buckets and objects: Amazon S3 is a storage service; its resources are globally accessible and not confined to a VPC.

C. AWS Storage Gateway: A hybrid cloud storage service, not a core component of a VPC.

References:

Amazon VPC Documentation

AWS CloudTrail is the service that can be used to meet these requirements. AWS CloudTrail is a service that records AWS API calls for your account and delivers log files to you. The recorded information includes the identity of the API caller, the time of the API call, the source IP address of the API caller, the request parameters, and the response elements returned by the AWS service1. You can use CloudTrail to track the activity in your AWS accounts, such as who made an API call, when it was made, and what resources were affected. You can also use CloudTrail to monitor the compliance, security, and governance of your AWS environment2. The other services are not designed to track the activity and API calls in your AWS accounts. Amazon CloudWatch is a service that monitors and collects metrics, logs, and events from your AWS resources and applications. You can use CloudWatch to set alarms, visualize data, and automate actions based on predefined thresholds or rules3. Amazon Inspector is a service that helps you improve the security and compliance of your applications running on AWS. Inspector automatically assesses applications for exposure, vulnerabilities, and deviations from best practices4. AWS IAM is a service that enables you to manage access to AWS services and resources securely. IAM allows you to create and manage AWS users and groups, and use permissions to allow and deny their access to AWS resources. References: AWS CloudTrail, AWS CloudTrail – Capture AWS API Activity, Amazon CloudWatch, Amazon Inspector, [AWS IAM]

AWS Budgets allows users to set custom cost and usage budgets and receive notifications when they exceed their thresholds. It provides detailed reports on cost and usage data for the past and current months, enabling the finance team to track and analyze spending.

AWS Budgets can automatically generate cost and usage reports, which can help the finance team plan ahead for each quarter based on historical data.

Why other options are not suitable:

A. Amazon Detective: A security service for analyzing and investigating AWS account activity for security purposes, not cost tracking.

B. AWS Pricing Calculator: A tool to estimate costs based on expected usage, not for tracking actual past usage.

D. AWS Savings Plans: An offering to save costs on AWS usage; it does not provide cost tracking or reporting features.

References:

AWS Budgets Documentation

AWS Secrets Manager is the most secure way to store and manage sensitive information, such as passwords, database credentials, and API keys. Secrets Manager allows you to:

Securely store and rotate secrets.

Automatically manage secret rotation without disrupting applications.

Integrate with AWS services and third-party applications to retrieve secrets securely.

Why other options are not suitable:

A. Store passwords in an Amazon S3 bucket: Although S3 is secure, it is not designed for secret management. It lacks built-in secret rotation and fine-grained access control for sensitive data.

B. Store passwords as AWS CloudFormation parameters: CloudFormation is used for managing infrastructure as code, not for securely storing passwords.

C. Store passwords in AWS Storage Gateway: A service for hybrid storage integration, not suitable for storing secrets or passwords.

References:

AWS Secrets Manager Documentation

AWS Enterprise Support provides customers with a designated technical account manager (TAM) who is a single point of contact for all technical and operational issues. The TAM provides consultative architectural and operational guidance delivered in the context of the customer’s applications and use-cases to help them achieve the greatest value from AWS. The TAM also helps customers with proactive services, such as strategic business reviews, security improvement programs, guided Well-Architected reviews, cost optimization workshops, and more1.

A full set of AWS Trusted Advisor checks is not an additional benefit of AWS Enterprise Support, as it is also included in the AWS Business Support plan2. AWS Trusted Advisor is a tool that provides best practice recommendations for cost optimization, performance, security, fault tolerance, and service limits.

Phone, email, and chat access to cloud support engineers 24 hours a day, 7 days a week is not an additional benefit of AWS Enterprise Support, as it is also included in the AWS Business Support plan2. Cloud support engineers can help customers with technical issues, such as troubleshooting, configuration, usage, and service features.

A consultative review and architecture guidance for the company’s applications is not an additional benefit of AWS Enterprise Support, as it is also included in the AWS Business Support plan2. Customers can request a consultative review from a solutions architect who will provide best practices and recommendations based on the customer’s use-cases and goals.

The Operations perspective helps you monitor and manage your cloud workloads to ensure that they are delivered at a level that meets your business needs. Common stakeholders include chief operations officer (COO), cloud director, cloud operations manager, and cloud operations engineers1. The Operations perspective covers capabilities such as workload health monitoring, incident management, change management, release management, configuration management, and disaster recovery2.

The Business perspective helps ensure that your cloud investments accelerate your digital transformation ambitions and business outcomes. Common stakeholders include chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief information officer (CIO), and chief technology officer (CTO). The Business perspective covers capabilities such as business case development, value realization, portfolio management, and stakeholder management3.

The Governance perspective helps you orchestrate your cloud initiatives while maximizing organizational benefits and minimizing transformation-related risks. Common stakeholders include chief transformation officer, CIO, CTO, CFO, chief data officer (CDO), and chief risk officer (CRO). The Governance perspective covers capabilities such as governance framework, budget and cost management, compliance management, and data governance4.

The Platform perspective helps you build an enterprise-grade, scalable, hybrid cloud platform, modernize existing workloads, and implement new cloud-native solutions. Common stakeholders include CTO, technology leaders, architects, and engineers. The Platform perspective covers capabilities such as platform design and implementation, workload migration and modernization, cloud-native development, and DevOps5.

References:

AWS Cloud Adoption Framework: Operations Perspective

AWS Cloud Adoption Framework - Operations Perspective

AWS Cloud Adoption Framework: Business Perspective

AWS Cloud Adoption Framework: Governance Perspective

AWS Cloud Adoption Framework: Platform Perspective

Amazon EventBridge Overview:

EventBridge is a serverless event bus that enables applications to react to changes in AWS resources.

It supports routing events such as EC2 state changes to various targets, including AWS Step Functions.

How EventBridge Meets the Requirement:

EventBridge can capture the EC2 instance state change event and trigger the execution of a Step Functions workflow.

The integration is seamless and supports workflows triggered by multiple event sources.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Amazon SageMaker: Used for building, training, and deploying machine learning models; not related to event triggers.

B. Amazon Connect: A cloud-based contact center service; unrelated to event triggers.

D. AWS Fargate: A compute engine for containers; does not manage events or invoke workflows.

References:

Amazon EventBridge Documentation

Cost optimization is one of the five pillars of the AWS Well-Architected Framework. It focuses on avoiding unnecessary costs, understanding and controlling where money is being spent, selecting the most appropriate and right number of resource types, analyzing spend over time, and scaling to meet business needs without overspending.

Under the AWS shared responsibility model, AWS is responsible for managing the underlying infrastructure, including operating system-level updates on managed services like Amazon RDS. Customers are responsible for managing the database instance and configurations, but AWS handles OS updates for the infrastructure supporting RDS.

AWS Direct Connect provides a dedicated, low-latency, and consistent network connection between on-premises data centers and AWS. This private connection minimizes latency and improves network stability compared to a public internet connection or VPN. AWS Direct Connect is ideal for applications requiring real-time data transfer with minimal latency.

Cost Explorer enables visualization and analysis of AWS costs and usage over specific time periods. It provides detailed reports, trends, and forecasts for cost management. Consolidated billing and AWS Organizations are useful for billing management across accounts, while AWS Budgets helps set spending thresholds but does not provide visualization tools for cost and usage.

 Amazon Neptune is a fully managed graph database service on AWS. A graph database is a type of database that stores and queries data as a network of nodes and edges, representing entities and relationships. Graph databases are useful for applications that deal with highly connected data, such as social networks, recommendation engines, fraud detection, and knowledge graphs45. Amazon Neptune is a fast, reliable, and scalable graph database service that supports two popular graph models: property graphs and RDF. Amazon Neptune also supports two open standards for querying graphs: Apache TinkerPop Gremlin and SPARQL. Amazon Neptune handles the heavy lifting of managing the database, such as provisioning, patching, backup, recovery, encryption, and replication456. References: 4: Managed Graph Database - Amazon Neptune - AWS, 5: Amazon Neptune – A Fully Managed Graph Database Service, 6: Working with AWS Neptune. Neptune is a fully-managed graph … - Medium

AWS Artifact is a self-service portal that provides on-demand access to AWS security and compliance reports and select online agreements. You can use AWS Artifact to download AWS service audit reports, such as ISO, PCI, and SOC, and to accept and manage agreements with AWS, such as the Business Associate Addendum (BAA).

AWS performs some tasks automatically to help you manage and secure your AWS resources. One of these tasks is patching Amazon EC2 instances. AWS provides two options for patching your EC2 instances: managed instances and patch baselines. Managed instances are a group of EC2 instances or on-premises servers that you can manage using AWS Systems Manager. Patch baselines define the patches that AWS Systems Manager applies to your instances. You can use AWS Systems Manager to automate the process of patching your instances based on a schedule or a maintenance window.

AWS Global Accelerator is a service that improves network performance by sending traffic through the AWS worldwide network infrastructure. It uses the AWS global network to direct TCP or UDP traffic to a healthy application endpoint in the closest AWS Region to the client. This provides improvements in terms of latency, throughput, and jitter. Global Accelerator also introduces features such as TCP termination at the edge, jumbo frame support, and large receive side window and TCP buffers to optimize data transfer12. Route table, AWS Transit Gateway, and Amazon VPC are not services or features that improve network performance by sending traffic through the AWS worldwide network infrastructure. Route table is a resource that defines how traffic is routed within a VPC3. AWS Transit Gateway is a service that enables you to connect your VPCs and on-premises networks to a single gateway4. Amazon VPC is a service that lets you provision a logically isolated section of the AWS Cloud where you can launch AWS resources in a virtual network that you define5. References: Achieve up to 60% better performance for internet traffic with AWS Global Accelerator, Improving Performance on AWS and Hybrid Networks, Route tables, AWS Transit Gateway, Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)

 The AWS shared responsibility model describes the division of responsibilities between AWS and the customer for security and compliance. AWS is responsible for the security of the cloud, which includes the hardware, software, networking, and facilities that run AWS services. The customer is responsible for security in the cloud, which includes the customer data, applications, operating systems, and network and firewall configurations. Therefore, updating the guest operating system on Amazon EC2 instances is the customer’s responsibility2

Amazon DynamoDB is a fully managed NoSQL database service that provides fast and predictable performance with seamless scalability. It is designed to handle unstructured data, offers high durability, and provides easy querying capabilities using key-value or document data models, making it suitable for applications that continuously produce unstructured data.

Why other options are not suitable:

A. Amazon RDS: A relational database service that is more suited for structured data and SQL queries.

B. Amazon Aurora: A MySQL- and PostgreSQL-compatible relational database, also more suited for structured data.

C. Amazon QuickSight: A business intelligence service for data visualization, not for storing data.

References:

Amazon DynamoDB Documentation

An internet gateway is a service that allows for internet traffic to enter into a VPC. Otherwise, a VPC is completely segmented off and then the only way to get to it is potentially through a VPN connection rather than through internet connection. An internet gateway is a logical connection between an AWS VPC and the internet. It supports IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. It does not cause availability risks or bandwidth constraints on your network traffic1. An internet gateway enables resources in your public subnets (such as EC2 instances) to connect to the internet if the resource has a public IPv4 address or an IPv6 address. Similarly, resources on the internet can initiate a connection to resources in your subnet using the public IPv4 address or IPv6 address2. An internet gateway also provides a target in your VPC route tables for internet-routable traffic. For communication using IPv4, the internet gateway also performs network address translation (NAT). For communication using IPv6, NAT is not needed because IPv6 addresses are public2. To enable access to or from the internet for instances in a subnet in a VPC using an internet gateway, you must create an internet gateway and attach it to your VPC, add a route to your subnet’s route table that directs internet-bound traffic to the internet gateway, ensure that instances in your subnet have a public IPv4 address or an IPv6 address, and ensure that your network access control lists and security group rules allow the desired internet traffic to flow to and from your instance2. References: Connect to the internet using an internet gateway, AWS Internet Gateway and VPC Routing

Best practices for using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) include:

B. Create individual IAM users: Each user should have their own IAM credentials to ensure accountability, control, and traceability. Sharing credentials can lead to security risks and difficulty in auditing.

E. Use groups to assign permissions to IAM users: Assigning permissions through IAM groups simplifies permission management. You can assign the necessary permissions to the group, and then add or remove users from the group as needed, rather than managing permissions for each user individually.

Why other options are not suitable:

A. Share access keys: Sharing access keys is a security risk and violates AWS security best practices. Each user should have their own credentials.

C. Use inline policies instead of customer-managed policies: Customer-managed policies are preferred over inline policies because they offer better control, reusability, and versioning.

D. Grant maximum privileges to IAM users: Granting the least privilege necessary is a best practice to reduce the risk of accidental or malicious actions.

References:

AWS IAM Best Practices

AWS serverless computing is a way of building and running applications without thinking about servers. AWS manages the infrastructure for you, so you don’t have to provision, scale, patch, or monitor servers. You only pay for the compute time you consume, and you can focus on your application logic instead of managing servers12. References: Serverless Computing – Amazon Web Services, AWS Serverless Computing, Benefits, Architecture and Use-cases - XenonStack

AWS Organizations is the AWS service or feature that allows users to create new AWS accounts, group multiple accounts to organize workflows, and apply policies to groups of accounts. AWS Organizations enables users to centrally manage and govern their AWS environment across multiple accounts. Users can create organizational units (OUs) to group accounts based on their business needs, such as by function, project, or region. Users can also apply service control policies (SCPs) to OUs or individual accounts to define the permissions and restrictions for the AWS services and resources that they can access. AWS Organizations also offers features such as consolidated billing, account creation automation, and trusted access12. References:

AWS Organizations

What is AWS Organizations?

AWS Glue is a fully managed extract, transform, and load (ETL) service that makes it easy to prepare and load data for analytics. AWS Glue can discover data sources, transform data, and make it available for analysis by using data catalogs and workflows. Amazon Redshift is a fully managed, petabyte-scale data warehouse service in the cloud that enables customers to analyze data using standard SQL and existing business intelligence tools. Amazon Redshift can also integrate with other AWS services to visualize and transform data. Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) provides a simple, scalable, fully managed elastic NFS file system for use with AWS Cloud services and on-premises resources. Amazon QuickSight is a fast, cloud-powered business intelligence service that makes it easy to deliver insights to everyone in an organization. Amazon Quantum Ledger Database (Amazon QLDB) is a fully managed ledger database that provides a transparent, immutable, and cryptographically verifiable transaction log owned by a central trusted authority.

The Rehost migration strategy, often referred to as “lift-and-shift,” involves moving applications to the cloud with minimal or no modifications. This approach is suitable when a company wants to migrate legacy workloads to AWS without altering them. Other strategies, such as Repurchase, Replatform, and Refactor, involve making changes to the application or adopting different services, which is not aligned with the requirement to avoid modifications.

According to the AWS shared responsibility model, the customer is responsible for security in the cloud, which includes the tasks of configuring the AWS provided security group firewall and classifying company assets in the AWS Cloud. A security group is a virtual firewall that controls the inbound and outbound traffic for one or more EC2 instances. The customer must configure the security group rules to allow or deny traffic based on protocol, port, or source and destination IP address2 Classifying company assets in the AWS Cloud means identifying the types, categories, and sensitivity levels of the data and resources that the customer stores and processes on AWS. The customer must also determine the applicable compliance requirements and regulations that apply to their assets, and implement the appropriate security controls and measures to protect them

The approach that will achieve the goal of designing a reliable web application that is hosted on Amazon EC2 is to spread EC2 instances across more than one Availability Zone. An Availability Zone is a physically isolated location within an AWS Region that has its own power, cooling, and network connectivity. By spreading EC2 instances across multiple Availability Zones, users can increase the fault tolerance and availability of their web applications, as well as reduce latency for end users2. Launching large EC2 instances in the same Availability Zone, spreading EC2 instances across more than one security group, or using an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) from AWS Marketplace are not sufficient to ensure reliability, as they do not provide redundancy or resilience in case of an outage in one Availability Zone.

AWS Outposts is a service that provides fully managed AWS infrastructure and services on premises. It allows users to run applications that require low latency and local data processing, while seamlessly connecting to the AWS Cloud for a consistent hybrid experience. AWS IoT Greengrass is a service that provides local compute, messaging, data caching, sync, and ML inference capabilities for connected devices. AWS Lambda is a service that allows users to run code without provisioning or managing servers. AWS Snowball Edge is a device that provides a petabyte-scale data transport and edge computing solution.

Reserved Instances (RIs) offer a significant discount (up to 75%) compared to On-Demand pricing in exchange for committing to use AWS for a period of 1 or 3 years. This pricing model is ideal for applications with predictable usage patterns or long-term commitments, such as critical production systems that will be running for at least 3 years.

A. On-Demand Instances: Incorrect, as they provide flexibility without commitment but are more expensive over the long term.

C. Spot Instances: Incorrect, as they offer the lowest cost for non-critical, interruptible workloads but are not suitable for critical production systems due to their potential for sudden termination.

D. AWS Free Tier: Incorrect, as it provides limited free usage for certain AWS services for a short period (typically one year) and is not intended for long-term production workloads.

AWS Cloud References:

Amazon EC2 Reserved Instances

Amazon DynamoDB is a fully managed NoSQL database service that provides fast and predictable performance with seamless scalability. It supports both document and key-value data models and is designed to handle large amounts of data across multiple servers. Other options, like Amazon RDS and Aurora, are managed relational database services, and Amazon Redshift is a data warehousing service.

The correct answer is B and C. EC2 Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) and Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) snapshots are two AWS services that provide disaster recovery solutions for Amazon EC2 instances.

EC2 AMIs are preconfigured templates that contain the software configuration and data required to launch an EC2 instance. You can create AMIs from your running EC2 instances and use them to launch new instances in the same or different AWS Regions. This way, you can quickly recover your EC2 instances in case of a disaster that affects your primary Region or Availability Zone1.

Amazon EBS snapshots are incremental backups of your Amazon EBS volumes. You can create snapshots of your volumes and store them in Amazon S3, which is a highly durable and scalable storage service. You can use snapshots to restore your volumes to a previous point in time or to create new volumes from snapshots. Snapshots can also be copied across AWS Regions, enabling you to recover your data in another Region in case of a disaster2.

The other options are not directly related to disaster recovery for EC2 instances:

EC2 Reserved Instances are a pricing model that allows you to reserve EC2 capacity for a specific period of time and receive a discount on the hourly charge. Reserved Instances do not provide any disaster recovery benefits, as they are only a billing option3.

AWS Shield is a managed service that protects your AWS resources from distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. AWS Shield provides basic protection for all AWS customers at no additional charge, and advanced protection for customers who need higher levels of detection and mitigation. AWS Shield does not provide any disaster recovery benefits, as it is only a security service4.

Amazon GuardDuty is a threat detection service that monitors your AWS account and workloads for malicious or unauthorized activity. Amazon GuardDuty analyzes various data sources, such as AWS CloudTrail, Amazon VPC Flow Logs, and DNS logs, to identify potential threats and alert you via Amazon CloudWatch Events or AWS Lambda. Amazon GuardDuty does not provide any disaster recovery benefits, as it is only a monitoring service5.

Edge locations are sites that Amazon CloudFront uses to cache copies of your content for faster delivery to users at any location. You can use Amazon CloudFront to deliver your entire website, including dynamic, static, streaming, and interactive content using a global network of edge locations. Requests for your content are automatically routed to the nearest edge location, so content is delivered with the best possible performance3. Edge locations can also host AWS Lambda functions to perform compute operations for your web application as close to end users as possible4.

 Amazon QuickSight is an AWS service that provides business intelligence and data visualization capabilities. Amazon QuickSight enables you to ingest, analyze, and display data from various sources, such as AWS Cost and Usage Reports, Amazon S3, Amazon Athena, Amazon Redshift, and Amazon RDS. You can use Amazon QuickSight to create interactive dashboards and charts that show insights and trends from your data. You can also share your dashboards and charts with other users or embed them into your applications.

Amazon Neptune is a managed graph database service that is well-suited for complex queries involving relationships, such as detecting patterns indicative of fraud in credit card transactions. It supports graph query languages like Gremlin and SPARQL, making it ideal for use cases requiring intricate relationship analysis. DocumentDB, Timestream, and DynamoDB are not designed for graph-based queries.

AWS CloudShell is the service that provides command line access to AWS tools and resources directly from a web browser. AWS CloudShell is a browser-based shell that makes it easy to securely manage, explore, and interact with your AWS resources. It comes pre-authenticated with your console credentials and common development and administration tools are pre-installed, so no local installation or configuration is required. You can open AWS CloudShell from the AWS Management Console with a single click and start running commands and scripts using the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI), Git, or SDKs. AWS CloudShell also provides persistent home directories with 1 GB of storage per AWS Region12. The other services do not provide command line access to AWS tools and resources directly from a web browser. AWS CloudHSM is a service that helps you meet corporate, contractual and regulatory compliance requirements for data security by using dedicated Hardware Security Module (HSM) appliances within the AWS Cloud3. Amazon WorkSpaces is a service that provides a fully managed, secure Desktop-as-a-Service (DaaS) solution that runs on AWS4. AWS Cloud Map is a service that makes it easy for your applications to discover and connect to each other using logical names and attributes5. References: AWS CloudShell, AWS CloudShell – Command-Line Access to AWS Resources, AWS CloudHSM, Amazon WorkSpaces, AWS Cloud Map

AWS Artifact provides on-demand access to AWS compliance reports and security documentation. It is a self-service portal where customers can download documents like SOC reports, ISO certifications, and other compliance-related materials necessary for meeting regulatory requirements. AWS Config and Trusted Advisor offer security assessments and compliance monitoring, but they do not provide direct access to compliance reports.

AWS Security Hub is a cloud security posture management (CSPM) service that performs security best practice checks, aggregates alerts, and enables automated remediation. Security Hub collects findings from the security services enabled across your AWS accounts, such as intrusion detection findings from Amazon GuardDuty, vulnerability scans from Amazon Inspector, and sensitive data identification findings from Amazon Macie. Security Hub also collects findings from partner security products using a standardized AWS Security Finding Format, eliminating the need for time-consuming data parsing and normalization efforts. Customers can designate an administrator account that can access all findings across their accounts. References: AWS Security Hub Overview, AWS Security Hub FAQs

Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling is a service that helps you maintain application availability and allows you to automatically add or remove EC2 instances according to definable conditions. You can create collections of EC2 instances, called Auto Scaling groups, and specify the minimum and maximum number of instances in each group. You can also define scaling policies that adjust the number of instances based on the demand on your application. Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling helps you improve the performance, reliability, and cost-efficiency of your EC2 workloads123. References: 1: VDI Desktops - Amazon WorkSpaces Family - AWS, 2: What is Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling? - Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling, 3: Discover Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling Unit | Salesforce Trailhead

AWS Control Tower is a service that provides an easy way to set up and govern a secure, multi-account AWS environment. It automates the creation of accounts, organizational units, policies, and best practices based on the AWS Well-Architected Framework. AWS IAM Identity Center (AWS Single Sign-On) is a service that enables users to centrally manage access to multiple AWS accounts and business applications using a single sign-on experience. AWS Systems Manager is a service that provides operational management for AWS resources and applications. AWS Config is a service that enables users to assess, audit, and evaluate the configurations of AWS resources.

AWS Cost Explorer is a tool that enables you to view and analyze your costs and usage. It provides an easy-to-use interface to visualize, understand, and manage AWS costs and usage over time. Cost Explorer allows the company to monitor ongoing costs, set budget alerts, and analyze cost drivers, which is ideal for keeping the cost of running an ecommerce website within a specific budget.

B. AWS SDKs: Incorrect, as they are software development kits that allow integration with AWS services but do not provide cost monitoring or management capabilities.

C. EC2 Image Builder: Incorrect, as it is a service for automating the creation of virtual machine images, not for monitoring costs.

D. AWS CloudFormation: Incorrect, as it is used for provisioning and managing infrastructure as code, not for cost monitoring.

AWS Cloud References:

AWS Cost Explorer

IAM roles are a way of granting temporary permissions to entities that need to access AWS resources, such as users, applications, or services. IAM roles allow customers to assign permissions to entities without having to create or manage IAM users or credentials for them. IAM roles can be assumed by different entities depending on the trust policy attached to the role. For example, IAM roles can be assumed by IAM users in the same or different AWS accounts, AWS services such as EC2 or Lambda, or external identities such as federated users or web identities. IAM roles can also be switched by IAM users to temporarily change their permissions. IAM roles are recommended for managing permissions for employees who often change teams, because they allow customers to define permissions based on job roles and responsibilities, and easily assign or revoke them as needed. IAM roles also reduce the operational overhead of creating, updating, or deleting IAM users or credentials for each employee or team change.

Rightsizing involves adjusting instance types based on actual utilization to optimize costs and performance. Changing the size and type of EC2 instances according to utilization data achieves this with minimal operational overhead. Adding instances or changing payment methods does not directly address instance resizing, and reprovisioning with larger instances may not be optimal based on actual usage.

Amazon Macie is a fully managed service that uses machine learning and pattern matching to help you detect, classify, and better protect your sensitive data stored in the AWS Cloud1. Macie can automatically discover and scan your Amazon S3 buckets for sensitive data such as personally identifiable information (PII), financial information, healthcare information, intellectual property, and credentials1. Macie also provides you with a dashboard that shows the type, location, and volume of sensitive data in your AWS environment, as well as alerts and findings on potential security issues1.

The other options are not suitable for identifying sensitive data in AWS. Amazon Inspector is a service that helps you find security vulnerabilities and deviations from best practices in your Amazon EC2 instances2. AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a service that helps you manage access to your AWS resources by creating users, groups, roles, and policies3. Amazon CloudWatch is a service that helps you monitor and troubleshoot your AWS resources and applications by collecting metrics, logs, events, and alarms4.

References:

1: What Is Amazon Macie? - Amazon Macie

2: What Is Amazon Inspector? - Amazon Inspector

3: What Is IAM? - AWS Identity and Access Management

4: What Is Amazon CloudWatch? - Amazon CloudWatch

Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed service that provides every developer and data scientist with the ability to build, train, and deploy machine learning (ML) models quickly. It offers integrated Jupyter notebooks for data exploration, pre-built algorithms, and automatic model tuning to optimize hyperparameters.

Why other options are not suitable:

A. Amazon Personalize: A managed machine learning service that provides personalized recommendations, but does not offer the full suite of ML tools for building, training, and deploying models.

B. Amazon Comprehend: A natural language processing (NLP) service, not a general-purpose ML model building and deployment service.

C. Amazon Forecast: A managed service specifically for creating accurate forecasts using machine learning, not for general-purpose ML model development.

References:

Amazon SageMaker Documentation

One of the primary advantages of the AWS Cloud is the ability to provision resources on demand. Users no longer need to over-provision or guess the capacity needed for infrastructure, which helps optimize costs and improve agility. AWS handles infrastructure scaling dynamically based on the actual usage. Options B, C, and D are incorrect as users do not maintain sole ownership of IT hardware or control of underlying infrastructure, and while they do maintain some control over the operating system in some cases, it is not an advantage specific to the cloud.

For workloads running 24/7 for a year, Standard Reserved Instances provide a significant discount compared to On-Demand pricing. Choosing the "All Upfront" payment option maximizes the cost savings as AWS offers the highest discount for upfront payments. Convertible Reserved Instances provide flexibility to change the instance type but usually at a slightly higher cost than Standard Reserved Instances. Compute Savings Plans offer cost savings, but in this scenario, the best optimization would be a combination of Standard Reserved Instances with All Upfront payment. Spot Instances are not suitable due to their interruptible nature.References:

AWS EC2 Reserved Instances

AWS Savings Plans

The AWS Support plan that provides the full set of AWS Trusted Advisor checks at the lowest cost is the AWS Business Support plan. The AWS Business Support plan includes access to the complete set of Trusted Advisor checks, which cover areas such as cost optimization, security, performance, fault tolerance, and service limits. This plan is specifically designed to support production workloads and includes 24/7 access to cloud support engineers, response times for impaired systems, and other enhanced technical support features.

AWS Developer Support, while more affordable, only provides limited Trusted Advisor checks, specifically around Service Limits and basic Security checks. Full access to all Trusted Advisor checks is only available with Business Support and higher-tier plans, such as Enterprise On-Ramp and Enterprise Support

AWS Storage Gateway is a hybrid cloud storage service that allows you to extend your on-premises file storage capabilities to the AWS Cloud. AWS Storage Gateway file gateway enables you to store and access your files in Amazon S3 using industry-standard file protocols such as NFS and SMB. File gateway caches frequently accessed files locally, providing low-latency access to your data. File gateway also optimizes the transfer of data between your on-premises environment and AWS, minimizing the amount of bandwidth consumed. By using file gateway, you can retain the performance benefit of sharing content locally while leveraging the scalability, durability, and cost-effectiveness of Amazon S3. References: AWS Storage Gateway, File Gateway

Understanding EC2 Image Builder: EC2 Image Builder is a fully managed service that simplifies the creation, maintenance, validation, and testing of Amazon Machine Images (AMIs).

Why Use EC2 Image Builder:

Automation: Automates the creation and management of AMIs, reducing manual efforts and the risk of errors.

Customization: Allows you to customize the images to include necessary software, configurations, and security settings.

Compliance: Ensures that the images comply with your security and operational standards through continuous monitoring and testing.

How to Implement EC2 Image Builder:

Create a Recipe: Define an image recipe specifying the base image and components to be included.

Build Pipeline: Set up an image pipeline that automates the building and testing of the AMI based on a schedule or trigger.

Distribute Images: Use the produced AMIs across multiple AWS regions and accounts as needed.

References:

EC2 Image Builder

When you run a NoSQL database on Amazon EC2 instances, you are responsible for managing the database layer and the guest operating system of the instances. This means that you need to perform tasks such as updating the operating system, maintaining high availability, and configuring the security group firewall. AWS is responsible for managing the physical infrastructure that hosts the EC2 instances. This means that AWS ensures that the hardware and firmware of the servers, routers, switches, and other devices are updated and secure. AWS also handles the power, cooling, networking, and security of the data centers12. References: CLF-C02: Which task is responsibility of AWS to run NoSQL database on …, Best Practices for Hosting NoSQL Databases on Amazon EC2

AWS Organizations is an AWS service that enables you to centrally manage and govern your AWS Cloud environments across multiple business units. AWS Organizations allows you to create an organization that consists of AWS accounts that you create or invite to join. You can group your accounts into organizational units (OUs) and apply service control policies (SCPs) to them. SCPs are a type of policy that specify the maximum permissions for the accounts in your organization, and can help you enforce compliance and security requirements. AWS Organizations also simplifies billing processes by enabling you to consolidate and pay for all member accounts with a single payment method. You can also use AWS Organizations to automate the creation of AWS accounts by using APIs or AWS CloudFormation templates. References: What is AWS Organizations?, Policy-Based Management - AWS Organizations

Amazon S3 offers virtually unlimited storage, allowing customers to store and retrieve any amount of data. There are no practical limits to the total volume of data that can be stored in S3, making it suitable for applications that require vast amounts of storage. The options of 10 PB, 50 PB, and 100 PB are incorrect as they do not reflect the actual scale of S3.

The AWS Developer Forums are always free to use, regardless of the user's AWS Support plan. They provide a platform for users to ask questions, share knowledge, and collaborate with the AWS community.

A. AWS Developer Support: Incorrect, as it is a paid support plan option.

C. Programmatic case management: Incorrect, as this feature is available only with certain AWS Support plans (Business and Enterprise).

D. AWS Technical Account Manager (TAM): Incorrect, as a TAM is provided only under the AWS Enterprise Support plan, which is a paid support option.

AWS Cloud References:

AWS Support Plans

Amazon Elastic Transcoder is a media transcoding service that enables companies to convert video and audio files into formats optimized for playback on various devices, including smartphones. It automates the transcoding process and supports a wide array of video and audio formats, making it ideal for converting files into mobile-friendly formats. Services like Amazon Comprehend, Rekognition, and Polly do not perform media transcoding functions.

Amazon EC2 instance store provides temporary block-level storage for your EC2 instance. This storage is located on disks that are physically attached to the host computer. Instance store is ideal for temporary storage of information that changes frequently, such as buffers, caches, scratch data, and other temporary content. It can also be used to store temporary data that you replicate across a fleet of instances, such as a load-balanced pool of web servers. An instance store consists of one or more instance store volumes exposed as block devices. The size of an instance store as well as the number of devices available varies by instance type and instance size. The virtual devices for instance store volumes are ephemeral[0-23]. Instance types that support one instance store volume have ephemeral0. Instance types that support two or more instance store volumes have ephemeral0, ephemeral1, and so on. Instance store pricing Instance store volumes are included as part of the instance’s usage cost. The data on an instance store volume persists even if the instance is rebooted. However, the data does not persist if the instance is stopped, hibernated, or terminated. When the instance is stopped, hibernated, or terminated, every block of the instance store volume is cryptographically erased. Therefore, do not rely on instance store volumes for valuable, long-term data. If you need to retain the data stored on an instance store volume beyond the lifetime of the instance, you need to manually copy that data to more persistent storage, such as an Amazon EBS volume, an Amazon S3 bucket, or an Amazon EFS file system. There are some events that can result in your data not persisting throughout the lifetime of the instance. The following table indicates whether data on instance store volumes is persisted during specific events, for both virtualized and bare metal instances1. References: Amazon EC2 instance store - Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud

AWS Elastic Beanstalk is a service that enables you to quickly deploy and manage applications in the AWS Cloud without worrying about the infrastructure that runs those applications. You simply upload your application, and Elastic Beanstalk automatically handles the details of capacity provisioning, load balancing, scaling, and application health monitoring. Elastic Beanstalk supports several platform configurations for Java, .NET, PHP, Node.js, Python, Ruby, Go, and Docker web applications that can run on familiar servers such as Apache, Nginx, Passenger, and IIS. You can also use Elastic Beanstalk to launch a virtual machine (VM) and MySQL database on AWS with the least operational effort. Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) is a fully managed container orchestration service that enables you to easily run, scale, and secure Docker containerized applications on AWS. However, it requires more operational effort than Elastic Beanstalk, as you need to define your application architecture and the specifications of the containers that run it. Amazon Lightsail is an easy-to-use cloud platform that offers everything you need to build an application or website, plus a cost-effective, monthly plan. It is designed for developers who have little or no prior cloud experience and want to launch and manage applications on AWS with minimal complexity. However, it does not support MySQL databases, and it requires more operational effort than Elastic Beanstalk, as you need to configure your VM and database settings. Amazon EC2 is a web service that provides secure, resizable compute capacity in the cloud. It allows you to launch a virtual machine (VM) and MySQL database on AWS, but it requires the most operational effort, as you need to provision, monitor, and manage your EC2 instances and database.

Amazon Personalize is an AWS service that helps developers quickly build and deploy a custom recommendation engine with real-time personalization and user segmentation1. It uses machine learning (ML) to analyze customer data and provide relevant recommendations based on their preferences, behavior, and context. Amazon Personalize can be used for various use cases such as optimizing recommendations, targeting customers more accurately, maximizing the value of unstructured text, and promoting items using business rules1.

The other options are not suitable for providing product recommendations based on customer data. Amazon Polly is a service that converts text into lifelike speech. Amazon Comprehend is a service that uses natural language processing (NLP) to extract insights from text and documents. Amazon Rekognition is a service that uses computer vision (CV) to analyze images and videos for faces, objects, scenes, and activities.

References:

1: Cloud Products - Amazon Web Services (AWS)

2: Recommender System – Amazon Personalize – Amazon Web Services

3: Top 25 AWS Services List 2023 - GeeksforGeeks

4: AWS to Azure services comparison - Azure Architecture Center

5: The 25+ Best AWS Cost Optimization Tools (Updated 2023) - CloudZero

6: Amazon Polly – Text-to-Speech Service - AWS

7: Natural Language Processing - Amazon Comprehend - AWS

8: Image and Video Analysis - Amazon Rekognition - AWS

AWS Migration Hub assists users in planning and tracking the progress of their server and application migrations. It centralizes migration tracking across various AWS services, providing visibility into application inventory and migration status. While AWS Application Migration Service also assists with migrations, Migration Hub is specifically designed for tracking migration data comprehensively.

Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) and AWS Step Functions are AWS services that can be used to achieve a loosely coupled architecture. Amazon SQS is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications. AWS Step Functions lets you coordinate multiple AWS services into serverless workflows so you can build and update apps quickly. Using Step Functions, you can design and run workflows that stitch together services such as AWS Lambda and Amazon SNS into feature-rich applications. References: Amazon SQS, AWS Step Functions

Amazon EC2 is a service that provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud. Users can launch and manage virtual servers, known as instances, that run on the AWS infrastructure. Users are responsible for maintaining the underlying operating system of the instances, as well as any applications or software that run on them. Amazon DynamoDB is a service that provides a fully managed NoSQL database that delivers fast and consistent performance at any scale. Users do not need to manage the underlying operating system or the database software. Amazon S3 is a service that provides scalable and durable object storage in the cloud. Users do not need to manage the underlying operating system or the storage infrastructure. AWS Lambda is a service that allows users to run code without provisioning or managing servers. Users only need to upload their code and configure the triggers and parameters. AWS Lambda takes care of the underlying operating system and the execution environment.

Reserved Instances and Savings Plans are the most cost-effective purchasing options for a compute workload that is steady, predictable, and uninterruptible. Reserved Instances provide a significant discount compared to On-Demand Instances, and Savings Plans offer flexible and consistent savings on EC2 usage. Both options require a commitment to a consistent amount of usage, in USD per hour, for a term of 1 or 3 years. On-Demand Instances are suitable for short-term, irregular, or unpredictable workloads, but they are more expensive than Reserved Instances or Savings Plans. Spot Instances are the cheapest option, but they are not suitable for uninterruptible workloads, as they can be reclaimed by AWS at any time. Dedicated Hosts and Dedicated Instances are designed for compliance and licensing requirements, not for cost optimization. They are more expensive than the other options, as they run on single-tenant hardware. References: Instance purchasing options, Amazon EC2 Pricing, 4 Ways to Purchase Amazon EC2 Instances

All Upfront Reserved Instances offer the most cost-effective solution for a workload that will run continuously for one year without interruption. By paying upfront, the user receives the maximum discount over the On-Demand pricing model. Partial Upfront Reserved Instances and Dedicated Instances are more expensive than All Upfront Reserved Instances. On-Demand Instances are not cost-effective for continuous long-term workloads due to their higher hourly rates.

Amazon CloudFront is a content delivery network (CDN) that helps deliver your website content globally with low latency by caching copies of your website content at edge locations around the world. This helps ensure that users receive content from the edge location closest to them, thereby reducing latency and improving user experience.

A. Amazon Route 53: Incorrect, as it is a DNS web service that routes users to the appropriate endpoint, but it does not cache content or reduce latency.

C. Elastic Load Balancing: Incorrect, as it distributes incoming application or network traffic across multiple targets, but does not cache content globally.

D. AWS Lambda: Incorrect, as it is a serverless compute service, not intended for content delivery.

AWS Cloud References:

Amazon CloudFront

The AWS Cloud Adoption Framework (AWS CAF) is a tool that helps organizations plan and execute their cloud transformation journey. The AWS CAF defines four phases of the cloud transformation journey: Envision, Align, Launch, and Scale. Each phase has a specific purpose and outcome1:

Envision: This phase helps you define your vision, goals, and expected outcomes for your cloud transformation. It also helps you identify and prioritize transformation opportunities across four domains: business, people, governance, and platform2.

Align: This phase helps you identify capability gaps across six perspectives: business, people, governance, platform, security, and operations. It also helps you create strategies for improving your cloud readiness, ensure stakeholder alignment, and facilitate relevant organizational change management activities3.

Launch: This phase helps you deliver pilot initiatives in production and demonstrate incremental business value. It also helps you learn from pilots and adjust your approach before scaling to full production4.

Scale: This phase helps you expand production pilots and business value to desired scale and ensure that the business benefits associated with your cloud investments are realized and sustained.

The options A and B are the correct AWS CAF cloud transformation journey recommendations, as they are part of the four phases defined by the AWS CAF. The options C, D, and E are not AWS CAF cloud transformation journey recommendations, as they are not part of the four phases defined by the AWS CAF

AWS Trusted Advisor is a service that provides real-time guidance to help optimize AWS resources, improve security, and maximize performance. It includes a Security category that can identify security group configurations that allow unrestricted access to specific ports. It offers recommendations and alerts to help remediate misconfigurations and ensure proper security practices1. References:

Amazon CLF-C02: Which AWS service monitor for misconfigured security groups allowing unrestricted access to specific ports - PUPUWEB

AWS Outposts is a fully managed service that extends AWS infrastructure, services, APIs, and tools to customer premises. By providing local access to AWS managed infrastructure, AWS Outposts enables customers to build and run applications on premises using the same programming interfaces as in AWS Regions, while using local compute and storage resources for lower latency and local data processing needs. An Outpost is a pool of AWS compute and storage capacity deployed at a customer site. AWS operates, monitors, and manages this capacity as part of an AWS Region. You can create subnets on your Outpost and specify them when you create AWS resources such as EC2 instances, EBS volumes, ECS clusters, and RDS instances. Instances in Outpost subnets communicate with other instances in the AWS Region using private IP addresses, all within the same VPC. Outposts solutions allow you to extend and run native AWS services on premises, and is available in a variety of form factors, from 1U and 2U Outposts servers to 42U Outposts racks, and multiple rack deployments. With AWS Outposts, you can run some AWS services locally and connect to a broad range of services available in the local AWS Region2. AWS Outposts is a hybrid cloud deployment model that uses AWS Outposts as part of the application deployment infrastructure. Hybrid cloud is a cloud computing environment that uses a mix of on-premises, private cloud, and public cloud services with orchestration between the platforms. Hybrid cloud provides businesses with greater flexibility, more deployment options, and optimized costs. By using AWS Outposts, customers can benefit from the fully managed infrastructure, services, APIs, and tools of AWS on premises, while still having access to the full range of AWS services available in the Region for a truly consistent hybrid experience3. References: On-Premises Private Cloud - AWS Outposts Family - AWS, What is AWS Outposts? - AWS Outposts

AWS IAM Access Analyzer is a service that helps you identify the resources in your organization and accounts, such as Amazon S3 buckets or IAM roles, that are shared with an external entity. This lets you identify unintended access to your resources and data, which is a security risk. IAM Access Analyzer uses logic-based reasoning to analyze the resource-based policies in your AWS environment. For each instance of a resource shared outside of your account, IAM Access Analyzer generates a finding. Findings include information about the access and the external principal granted to it345. References: 3: Using AWS Identity and Access Management Access Analyzer, 4: IAM Access Analyzer - Amazon Web Services (AWS), 5: Welcome - IAM Access Analyzer