Ace Your 312-38 CND Exam

Recovery Point Objective (RPO) refers to the maximum tolerable period in which data might be lost from an IT service due to a major incident. It is a critical parameter in disaster recovery and business continuity planning. RPO is determined based on the acceptable data loss in case of a disruption of operations. It indicates the point in time to which data must be recovered after an outage to resume business operations and avoid unacceptable consequences associated with a break in business continuity.

References:

• EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (CND) training materials.
• Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Planning definitions and best practices as outlined in the CND curriculum1.

Indicators of attack (IoA) provide information about the attacker's intent, end goals, and the actions they take to execute an attack. IoAs help identify the methods and behaviors an attacker uses during the attack lifecycle. Unlike Indicators of Compromise (IoCs), which are used to detect evidence of a breach, IoAs are proactive and help in identifying and preventing potential attacks before they occur by analyzing the patterns and tactics used by attackers.

• Key risk indicators: Metrics used to signal increased risk exposure.
• Indicators of compromise: Artifacts observed on a network or in an operating system that with high confidence indicate a computer intrusion.
• Indicators of exposure: Data points or signals that reveal vulnerabilities or weaknesses that could be exploited.

References:

• EC-Council Certified Network Defender (CND) Study Guide
• Cybersecurity frameworks and documentation on threat detection

Switch-based network monitoring requires additional monitoring software or hardware because switches operate at the data link layer of the OSI model and do not inherently provide monitoring capabilities. To monitor traffic through a switch, network administrators must use port mirroring or a network tap, which involves configuring the switch to send a copy of the network packets to a monitoring device. This allows the monitoring device to analyze the traffic passing through the switch without interfering with the network’s normal operation. This technique is essential for deep packet inspection, intrusion detection systems, and for gaining visibility into the traffic between devices in a switched network.

References: The need for extra monitoring software or hardware in switch-based network monitoring is consistent with the Certified Network Defender (CND) curriculum, which emphasizes the importance of implementing robust network monitoring practices to detect and respond to security threats12. Additionally, the use of port mirroring and network taps as methods to monitor switch-based networks is a standard practice in network security, aligning with the CND’s focus on technical network security measures34.

 Adware is a type of software designed to throw advertisements up on your screen, most often within a web browser. This typically happens when a user installs a free application or software that includes adware in its installation package. In Riya’s case, the sudden influx of advertisements for clothes and watches similar to her recent purchases suggests that adware might have been installed on her device. This adware is likely tracking her browsing habits and displaying targeted ads based on her online shopping activity.

References: The explanation aligns with the objectives and documents of the Certified Network Defender (CND) course, which covers various types of malware, including adware, and their characteristics. For more detailed information, refer to the CND study guide and materials provided by the EC-Council on malware and its impact on network security.