CompTIA N10-009 Dumps

Understanding Subnetting:

Original Network: 192.168.1.0/24 has a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, which allows for 256 IP addresses (including network and broadcast addresses).

Objective: Divide this network into two equal subnets.

Calculating Subnet Mask:

New Subnet Mask: To divide 192.168.1.0/24 into two equal halves, we need to borrow one bit from the host portion of the address, changing the subnet mask to 255.255.255.128 (/25).

Subnet Breakdown:

First Subnet: 192.168.1.0/25 (192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.127)

Second Subnet: 192.168.1.128/25 (192.168.1.128 - 192.168.1.255)

Verification:

Each subnet now has 128 IP addresses (126 usable IP addresses, excluding the network and broadcast addresses).

Comparison with Other Options:

255.255.0.0 (/16): Provides a much larger network, not dividing the original /24 network.

255.255.254.0 (/23): Also creates a larger subnet, encompassing more than the original /24 network.

255.255.255.0 (/24): Maintains the original subnet size, not dividing it.

References:

CompTIA Network+ study materials on subnetting and IP addressing.

Understanding Switches:

Layer 2 (Data Link Layer): Traditional switches operate primarily at Layer 2, where they use MAC addresses to forward frames within a local network.

Layer 3 (Network Layer): Layer 3 switches, also known as multilayer switches, can perform routing functions using IP addresses to forward packets between different networks.

Capabilities of Multilayer Switches:

VLANs and Inter-VLAN Routing: Multilayer switches can handle VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) configurations and perform inter-VLAN routing, enabling communication between different VLANs.

Routing Protocols: They can run routing protocols like OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) to manage traffic between networks.

Comparison with Other Devices:

Hub: Operates only at Layer 1 (Physical Layer) and simply repeats incoming signals to all ports.

Transceiver: Also operates at Layer 1, converting electrical signals to optical signals and vice versa.

Modem: Primarily operates at Layer 1 and Layer 2, modulating and demodulating signals for transmission over different types of media.

Practical Application:

Multilayer switches are commonly used in enterprise networks to optimize performance and manage complex routing and switching requirements within a single device.

References:

CompTIA Network+ study materials on network devices and the OSI model.

Understanding Spanning Tree Protocol (STP):

STP is used to prevent network loops in Ethernet networks by creating a spanning tree that selectively blocks some redundant paths.

Default Priority Value:

Bridge Priority: STP uses bridge priority to determine which switch becomes the root bridge. The default bridge priority value for most switches is 32768.

Priority Range: The bridge priority can be set in increments of 4096, ranging from 0 to 61440.

Configuration and Verification:

When deploying a new switch, the network administrator can verify the bridge priority using commands such as show spanning-tree to ensure it is set to the default value of 32768.

Comparison with Other Values:

4096 and 8192: Lower than the default priority, indicating these would be manually configured for higher preference.

36684: A non-standard value, likely a result of specific configuration changes.

References:

CompTIA Network+ study materials on Spanning Tree Protocol and network configuration.

802.1Q tagging, also known as VLAN tagging, is used to identify VLANs on a trunk link between switches. This allows the switches to transfer data for multiple VLANs (or networks) over a single physical connection. This method ensures that traffic from different VLANs is properly separated and managed across the network.References: CompTIA Network+ study materials.

Jumbo frames are Ethernet frames with a payload greater than the standard maximum transmission unit (MTU) of 1500 bytes. Configuring jumbo frames can reduce overhead and increase efficiency in storage networks by allowing more data to be sent in each frame, thus reducing the number of frames needed to transmit the same amount of data.

Reduced Overhead: By sending larger frames, the relative overhead for headers and acknowledgments is reduced.

Increased Efficiency: Larger frames mean fewer packets to process, leading to better utilization of network bandwidth and improved performance in high-throughput environments like storage networks.

Configuration: Requires support from all devices in the network path, including switches and network interface cards (NICs).

Network References:

CompTIA Network+ N10-007 Official Certification Guide: Explains jumbo frames and their benefits in reducing network overhead.

Cisco Networking Academy: Provides training on network optimization techniques, including the use of jumbo frames.

Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide: Covers advanced Ethernet features, including jumbo frames and their configuration for improved network performance.

Port mirroring, also known as SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer), is used to send a copy of network packets seen on one switch port (or an entire VLAN) to another port where the IDS is connected. This allows the IDS to passively inspect network traffic without interfering with the actual traffic flow. Port mirroring is an essential feature for implementing IDS in a network for traffic analysis and security monitoring.References: CompTIA Network+ study materials.

To increase overall security after a recent breach, implementing least privilege network access and central policy management are effective strategies.

Least Privilege Network Access: This principle ensures that users and devices are granted only the access necessary to perform their functions, minimizing the potential for unauthorized access or breaches. By limiting permissions, the risk of an attacker gaining access to critical parts of the network is reduced.

Central Policy Management: Centralized management of security policies allows for consistent and streamlined implementation of security measures across the entire network. This helps in quickly responding to security incidents, ensuring compliance with security protocols, and reducing the chances of misconfigurations.

Network References:

CompTIA Network+ N10-007 Official Certification Guide: Discusses network security principles, including least privilege and policy management.

Cisco Networking Academy: Provides training on implementing security policies and access controls.

Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide: Covers strategies for enhancing network security and managing policies effectively.

(Note: Ips will be change on each simulation task, so we have given example answer for the understanding)

To troubleshoot all the network components and review the cable test results, you can use the following steps:

Click on each device and cable to open its information window.

Review the information and identify any problems or errors that may affect the network connectivity or performance.

Diagnose the appropriate component(s) by identifying any components with a problem and recommend a solution to correct each problem.

Fill in the remediation form using the drop-down menus provided.

Here is an example of how to fill in the remediation form for PC1:

The component with a problem is PC1.

The problem is Incorrect IP address.

The solution is Change the IP address to 192.168.1.10.

You can use the same steps to fill in the remediation form for other components.

To enter commands in each device, you can use the following steps:

Click on the device to open its terminal window.

Enter the command ipconfig /all to display the IP configuration of the device, including its IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers.

Enter the command ping  to test the connectivity and reachability to another device on the network by sending and receiving echo packets. Replace with the IP address of the destination device, such as 192.168.1.1 for Core Switch 1.

Enter the command tracert  to trace the route and measure the latency of packets from the device to another device on the network by sending and receiving packets with increasing TTL values. Replace with the IP address of the destination device, such as 192.168.1.1 for Core Switch 1.

Here is an example of how to enter commands in PC1:

Click on PC1 to open its terminal window.

Enter the command ipconfig /all to display the IP configuration of PC1. You should see that PC1 has an incorrect IP address of 192.168.2.10, which belongs to VLAN 2 instead of VLAN 1.

Enter the command ping 192.168.1.1 to test the connectivity to Core Switch 1. You should see that PC1 is unable to ping Core Switch 1 because they are on different subnets.

Enter the command tracert 192.168.1.1 to trace the route to Core Switch 1. You should see that PC1 is unable to reach Core Switch 1 because there is no route between them.

You can use the same steps to enter commands in other devices, such as PC3, PC4, PC5, and Server 1.

Understanding MTBF:

Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): A reliability metric that estimates the average time between successive failures of a device or system.

Calculation and Importance:

Calculation: MTBF is calculated as the total operational time divided by the number of failures during that period.

Usage: Used by manufacturers and engineers to predict the lifespan and reliability of a device, helping in maintenance planning and lifecycle management.

Comparison with Other Metrics:

RTO (Recovery Time Objective): The maximum acceptable time to restore a system after a failure.

RPO (Recovery Point Objective): The maximum acceptable amount of data loss measured in time.

MTTR (Mean Time to Repair): The average time required to repair a device or system and return it to operational status.

Application:

MTBF is crucial for planning maintenance schedules, spare parts inventory, and improving the overall reliability of systems.

References:

CompTIA Network+ study materials on reliability and maintenance metrics.

The tracert (Traceroute) command is used to determine the path packets take from the source to the destination. It helps in identifying routing issues by showing each hop the packets pass through, along with the time taken for each hop. This command can pinpoint where the connection is failing or experiencing delays, making it an essential tool for troubleshooting routing issues.References: CompTIA Network+ study materials and common network troubleshooting commands. ​

Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is a network protocol used for discovering devices and their capabilities on a local area network, primarily at the data link layer (Layer 2). It helps in identifying the connected switch and the specific port to which a device is connected. When troubleshooting a VoIP handset connection, the technician can use LLDP to determine the exact switch and port where the handset is connected. This protocol is widely used in network management to facilitate the discovery of network topology and simplify troubleshooting.

Other options such as IKE (Internet Key Exchange), VLAN (Virtual LAN), and netstat (network statistics) are not suitable for identifying the switch and port information. IKE is used in setting up secure IPsec connections, VLAN is used for segmenting networks, and netstat provides information about active connections and listening ports on a host but not for discovering switch port details.

Definition of MAC Flooding:

MAC flooding is an attack where a malicious actor sends numerous fake MAC addresses to a switch, overwhelming its CAM table. The CAM table stores MAC addresses and their associated ports for efficient traffic forwarding.

Impact of MAC Flooding:

CAM Table Overflow: When the CAM table is full, the switch cannot learn new MAC addresses and is forced to broadcast traffic to all ports, leading to a degraded network performance and potential data interception.

Switch Behavior: The switch operates in a fail-open mode, treating the network as a hub, which can be exploited for eavesdropping on traffic.

Comparison with Other Attacks:

ARP Spoofing: Involves sending false ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) messages to associate the attacker's MAC address with the IP address of another device.

Evil Twin: Involves creating a rogue wireless access point that mimics a legitimate one to intercept data.

DNS Poisoning: Involves corrupting the DNS cache with false information to redirect traffic to malicious sites.

Preventive Measures:

Port Security: Configure port security on switches to limit the number of MAC addresses per port, preventing CAM table overflow.

Network Segmentation: Use VLANs to segment network traffic and limit the impact of such attacks.

References:

CompTIA Network+ study materials on network security threats and mitigation techniques.

When installing multiple Power over Ethernet (PoE) devices like security cameras, it is crucial to ensure that the total power requirement does not exceed the power budget of the PoE switch. Each PoE switch has a maximum power capacity, and exceeding this capacity can cause some devices to fail to receive power.

PoE Standards: PoE switches conform to standards such as IEEE 802.3af (PoE) and 802.3at (PoE+), each with specific power limits per port and total power capacity.

Power Calculation: Adding up the power requirements of all connected PoE devices can help determine if the total power budget of the switch is exceeded.

Symptoms: When the power budget is exceeded, some devices, typically those farthest from the switch or connected last, may not power up or function correctly.

Network References:

CompTIA Network+ N10-007 Official Certification Guide: Covers PoE standards and troubleshooting power issues.

Cisco Networking Academy: Discusses PoE technologies, power budgeting, and managing PoE devices.

Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide: Provides information on PoE setup, including power budget considerations.

Definition of Heat Maps:

A heat map is a graphical representation of data where individual values are represented by colors. In the context of wireless networking, a heat map shows the wireless signal strength in different areas of a building.

Purpose of a Heat Map:

Heat maps are used to illustrate the effectiveness of wireless networking coverage, identify dead zones, and optimize the placement of access points (APs) to ensure adequate coverage and performance.

Comparison with Other Options:

Logical Diagram: Represents the logical connections and relationships within the network.

Layer 3 Network Diagram: Focuses on the routing and IP addressing within the network.

Service-Level Agreement (SLA): A contract that specifies the expected service levels between a service provider and a customer.

Creation and Use:

Heat maps are created using specialized software or tools that measure wireless signal strength throughout the building. The data collected is then used to generate a visual map, guiding network administrators in optimizing wireless coverage.

References:

CompTIA Network+ certification materials and wireless network planning guides.

Definition of GDPR:

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union and the European Economic Area. It also addresses the transfer of personal data outside the EU and EEA areas.

Scope and Objectives:

GDPR aims to give individuals control over their personal data and to simplify the regulatory environment for international business by unifying the regulation within the EU.

It enforces rules about data protection, requiring companies to protect the personal data and privacy of EU citizens for transactions that occur within EU member states.

Comparison with Other Options:

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition): Refers to control systems used in industrial and infrastructure processes, not related to personal data protection.

SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language): A standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, not specifically for personal data protection.

PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard): A set of security standards designed to ensure that all companies that accept, process, store or transmit credit card information maintain a secure environment, not specific to personal data protection in Europe.

Key Provisions:

GDPR includes provisions for data processing, data subject rights, obligations of data controllers and processors, and penalties for non-compliance.

References:

CompTIA Network+ study materials on regulatory and compliance standards.

Power over Ethernet (PoE) delivers power to devices such as VoIP phones over the same cables used for data. If the total power requirement of connected devices exceeds the PoE power budget of the switch or injector, some devices may not receive adequate power and could intermittently reboot. This issue would not affect the workstation, which is likely receiving power separately. References: CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives and official study guides.

X.509 certificates are most commonly associated with Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). These certificates are used for a variety of security functions, including digital signatures, encryption, and authentication.

PKI: X.509 certificates are a fundamental component of PKI, used to manage encryption keys and authenticate users and devices.

Digital Certificates: They are used to establish secure communications over networks, such as SSL/TLS for websites and secure email communication.

Authentication and Encryption: X.509 certificates provide the means to securely exchange keys and verify identities in various applications, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality.

Network References:

CompTIA Network+ N10-007 Official Certification Guide: Covers PKI and the role of X.509 certificates in network security.

Cisco Networking Academy: Provides training on PKI, certificates, and secure communications.

Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide: Explains PKI, X.509 certificates, and their applications in securing network communications.

For a web server that requires all connections to be encrypted, port 80 (HTTP) should be disabled. Port 80 is used for unencrypted web traffic, whereas port 443 is used for HTTPS, which provides encrypted communication.

Port 80 (HTTP): This port is used for unsecured web traffic. Disabling this port ensures that all web traffic must use HTTPS, which encrypts the data in transit.

Port 443 (HTTPS): This port is used for secure web traffic via SSL/TLS encryption. Keeping this port open ensures that secure connections can be made to the web server.

Other Ports:

Port 22: Used for SSH, providing secure remote access and file transfers.

Port 587: Used for secure email submission (SMTP) with encryption.

Network References:

CompTIA Network+ N10-007 Official Certification Guide: Discusses the roles and security implications of various ports and protocols.

Cisco Networking Academy: Provides training on secure web server configuration and port management.

Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide: Covers port security and best practices for securing web servers.

Multimode fiber optic cables involve the transmission of light signals that bounce off the core's cladding as they travel down the fiber. This characteristic differentiates it from single-mode fiber, where the light travels directly down the fiber without reflecting off the cladding.

Here are some detailed points about multimode fiber cables:

Construction: Multimode fibers have a larger core diameter, typically 50 or 62.5 microns, compared to single-mode fibers, which have a core diameter of about 9 microns.

Light Propagation: The larger core of multimode fiber allows multiple light modes to propagate. These modes travel at different angles, leading to reflections off the core-cladding boundary.

Distance and Bandwidth: Due to modal dispersion, where different light modes arrive at the receiver at different times, multimode fibers are suited for shorter distance applications compared to single-mode fibers. Typical distances are up to 550 meters for 10 Gbps Ethernet using OM4 multimode fiber.

Applications: Multimode fibers are commonly used in LANs (Local Area Networks), data centers, and for shorter distance data transmission due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of installation.

Network References:

CompTIA Network+ N10-007 Official Certification Guide, which covers fiber optic technologies, including the differences between multimode and single-mode fibers.

Cisco Networking Academy: Provides training materials and reference guides on the properties of different fiber optic cables.

Fiber Optic Association (FOA): A professional society dedicated to fiber optics, offering extensive information and certification on fiber optic technologies.

Multimode fibers are specifically designed for short-range communication with higher data rates and are typically used in environments like data centers, where high bandwidth over shorter distances is crucial. The reflections off the cladding, inherent to multimode fiber, facilitate this high-capacity communication.

Using a /30 subnet mask is the most efficient way to conserve IP space for a point-to-point connection between two routers. A /30 subnet provides four IP addresses, two of which can be assigned to the router interfaces, one for the network address, and one for the broadcast address. This makes it ideal for point-to-point links where only two usable IP addresses are needed.References: CompTIA Network+ study materials and subnetting principles.

SSH (Secure Shell) is a protocol used to securely connect to a remote server/system over a network. It operates on port 22 and provides encrypted communication, unlike Telnet which operates on port 23 and is not secure. TLS is used for securing HTTP connections (HTTPS) and operates on ports like 443, while RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) is used for remote desktop connections and operates on port 3389.

(Note: Ips will be change on each simulation task, so we have given example answer for the understanding)

To perform a network discovery by entering commands into the terminal, you can use the following steps:

Click on each switch to open its terminal window.

Enter the command show ip interface brief to display the IP addresses and statuses of the switch interfaces.

Enter the command show vlan brief to display the VLAN configurations and assignments of the switch interfaces.

Enter the command show cdp neighbors to display the information about the neighboring devices that are connected to the switch.

Fill in the missing information in the diagram using the drop-down menus provided.

Here is an example of how to fill in the missing information for Core Switch 1:

The IP address of Core Switch 1 is 192.168.1.1.

The VLAN configuration of Core Switch 1 is VLAN 1: 192.168.1.0/24, VLAN 2: 192.168.2.0/24, VLAN 3: 192.168.3.0/24.

The neighboring devices of Core Switch 1 are Access Switch 1 and Access Switch 2.

The interfaces that connect Core Switch 1 to Access Switch 1 are GigabitEthernet0/1 and GigabitEthernet0/2.

The interfaces that connect Core Switch 1 to Access Switch 2 are GigabitEthernet0/3 and GigabitEthernet0/4.

You can use the same steps to fill in the missing information for Access Switch 1 and Access Switch 2.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) uses an Autonomous System (AS) number for its operations. An AS is a collection of IP networks and routers under the control of a single organization that presents a common routing policy to the Internet. BGP is used to exchange routing information between different ASes on the Internet, making it the only protocol among the listed options that uses an AS number.References: CompTIA Network+ study materials and RFC 4271.

SNMPv3 is the version of the Simple Network Management Protocol that introduces security enhancements, including message integrity, authentication, and encryption. Unlike previous versions (v1 and v2c), SNMPv3 supports encrypted communication, ensuring that data is not transmitted in plaintext. This provides confidentiality and protects against eavesdropping and unauthorized access.References: CompTIA Network+ study materials.

Understanding the Vulnerability:

Vulnerabilities in the router CPU can be exploited to cause performance degradation, unauthorized access, or other security issues.

Firmware Update:

Firmware Role: The firmware is low-level software that controls the hardware of a device. Updating the firmware can address vulnerabilities by providing patches and enhancements from the manufacturer.

Procedure: Download the latest firmware from the vendor’s website, follow the manufacturer's instructions to apply the update, and verify that the update resolves the vulnerability.

Comparison with Other Options:

Replace the System Board: This is a costly and often unnecessary step if the issue can be resolved with a firmware update.

Patch the OS: Patching the OS is relevant for devices with a full operating system but not directly applicable to addressing a CPU vulnerability on a router.

Isolate the System: Temporarily isolating the system can mitigate immediate risk but does not resolve the underlying vulnerability.

Best Practice:

Regularly check for and apply firmware updates to ensure that network devices are protected against known vulnerabilities.

References:

CompTIA Network+ study materials on network security and device management.

An access point (AP) provides users with an extended footprint that allows connections from multiple devices within a designated Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).

Router: Typically used to connect different networks, not specifically for extending wireless coverage.

Switch: Used to connect devices within a wired network, not for providing wireless access.

Access Point (AP): Extends wireless network coverage, allowing multiple wireless devices to connect to the network.

Firewall: Primarily used for network security, controlling incoming and outgoing traffic based on security rules, not for providing wireless connectivity.

Network References:

CompTIA Network+ N10-007 Official Certification Guide: Explains the roles and functions of network appliances, including access points.

Cisco Networking Academy: Provides training on deploying and managing wireless networks with access points.

Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide: Covers network devices and their roles in creating and managing networks.

Cross talk can often be caused by improper termination of cables. The first step in troubleshooting should be to inspect the connectors for any wires that might be touching or exposed. Ensuring that all wires are correctly seated and that no conductors are exposed can help reduce or eliminate cross talk. This step should be taken before attempting to re-terminate the connections or check for other sources of interference.References: CompTIA Network+ study materials.

Introduction to Disaster Recovery Concepts:

Disaster recovery involves strategies and measures to ensure business continuity and data recovery in the event of a disaster.

Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF):

MTBF is a reliability metric used to predict the time between failures of a system during operation. It is calculated by dividing the total operational time by the number of failures.

Formula: MTBF=Total Operational TimeNumber of Failures\text{MTBF} = \frac{\text{Total Operational Time}}{\text{Number of Failures}}MTBF=Number of FailuresTotal Operational Time​

This metric helps in understanding the reliability and expected lifespan of systems and components.

Example Calculation:

If a server operates for 1000 hours and experiences 2 failures, the MTBF is: MTBF=1000 hours2=500 hours\text{MTBF} = \frac{1000 \text{ hours}}{2} = 500 \text{ hours}MTBF=21000 hours​=500 hours

Explanation of the Options:

A. MTTR (Mean Time to Repair): The average time required to repair a system after a failure.

B. MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures): The correct answer, representing the average time between failures.

C. RPO (Recovery Point Objective): The maximum acceptable amount of data loss measured in time.

D. RTO (Recovery Time Objective): The target time set for the recovery of IT and business activities after a disaster.

Conclusion:

MTBF is a crucial metric in disaster recovery and system reliability, helping organizations plan maintenance and predict system performance.

References:

CompTIA Network+ guide explaining MTBF, MTTR, RPO, and RTO concepts and their calculations (see page Ref 10†How to Use Cisco Packet Tracer).

802.1x is a network access control protocol that provides an authentication mechanism to devices trying to connect to a LAN or WLAN. This ensures that only authorized devices can access the network, making it ideal for mitigating the risk of unknown devices connecting to the network, especially in accessible areas.

802.1x Authentication: Requires devices to authenticate using credentials (e.g., username and password, certificates) before gaining network access.

Access Control: Prevents unauthorized devices from connecting to the network, enhancing security in public or semi-public areas.

Implementation: Typically used in conjunction with a RADIUS server to manage authentication requests.

Network References:

CompTIA Network+ N10-007 Official Certification Guide: Covers 802.1x and its role in network security.

Cisco Networking Academy: Provides training on implementing 802.1x for secure network access control.

Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide: Explains the benefits and configuration of 802.1x authentication in securing network access.

Introduction to Administrative Distance

Administrative distance (AD) is a value used by routers to rank routes from different routing protocols. AD represents the trustworthiness of the source of the route. Lower AD values are more preferred. If a router has multiple routes to a destination from different sources, it will choose the route with the lowest AD.

Static Routes and Backup Routes

When a dynamic routing protocol is not used, static routes can be employed. Static routes are manually configured routes. To ensure a backup route, multiple static routes to the same destination can be configured with different AD values.

Configuring Static Routes with Administrative Distance

The primary route is configured with a lower AD value, making it the preferred route. The backup route is configured with a higher AD value. In the event of the primary route failure, the router will then use the backup route.

Example Configuration:

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ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1 1

ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2 10

In the above example, 192.168.1.0/24 is the destination network.

10.0.0.1 is the next-hop IP address for the primary route with an AD of 1.

10.0.0.2 is the next-hop IP address for the backup route with an AD of 10.

Verification:

After configuration, use the show ip route command to verify that the primary route is in use and the backup route is listed as a candidate for use if the primary route fails.

References:

CompTIA Network+ guide explains the concept of administrative distance and its use in static routing configuration (see page Ref 9†Basic Configuration Commands).

Multitenancy is a cloud computing architecture where a single instance of software serves multiple customers or tenants. Each tenant's data is isolated and remains invisible to other tenants. Hosting a company application in the cloud to be available for both internal and third-party users fits this concept, as it allows shared resources and infrastructure while maintaining data separation and security. References: CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives and official study guides.